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Diseases of the Nasal Passages, Sinuses and Guttural Pouches
J. Fjeldborg and K.E. Baptiste
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Introduction:
Diseases and abnormalities of the upper airways are one of the main reasons for poor performance in the athletic horse. Understanding the upper airways and possible diseases are crucial in making the correct diagnosis. Horses are obligate nasal breathers, meaning that air needed for gas exchange can only pass through the upper airways. This happens both at rest and during exercise. Due to airway dynamics, the upper airway provides a high airflow resistance. During inspiration there is negative airway pressure that increases during exercise. Inspiration is performed as an active abduction, while expiration is a passive process, except during exercise. Minor changes can lead to decreased oxygen uptake and thereby greatly influence the performance of the horse.
Nasal passage:
The nose and rostral part of the nasal cavity have a special conformation compared to other species. The nostrils are large and widely spaced, especially in Thoroughbreds. At rest the nostrils have the peculiar shape as an inverted comma imposed by the supporting alar cartilages, but during work the nostrils has a more dilated circular outline. The horse lacks the lateral cartilage support so that dilatation of the nostrils is due to several muscles related to the lateral part of the nostrils. These muscles are innervated by the facial nerve. The nasal cavity is divided into two parts by the nasal septum. The nasal septum is composed of hyaline cartilage. The rostral part of the septum is more cartilaginous and the caudal part more bony. The mucosa has a rich vascular supply. The nasal passages contain two conchae (dorsal and ventral) on either side, which greatly increase the surface area to which the air is exposed. The dorsal and ventral conchae form delicate scrolls that coil in opposite directions from their lateral attachments. This divides each nasal cavity further into 3 parts, the dorsal, the middle and the ventral meatus. The turbinates are required for functional respiration and enriched with both airflow pressure and temperature sensing nerve receptors; these allow for tremendous erectile capabilities for nasal congestion and decongestion, in response to the climatic conditions and changing airflow needs of the body. The turbinates are also important for filtration, heating and humidification of inhaled air inhaled. [...]
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