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Lameness examination: Clinical examination versus gait analysis
Dyson S.
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The quality of equine performance can be influenced by pain, whether or not that results in overt lameness (Dyson, 2013). Many horses with multilimb lameness present with poor performance rather than overt lameness. Although a number of techniques have been developed for the objective assessment of gait, even with the development of wireless inertial measurement units (IMUs) there are currently some limitations in data interpretation in horses presenting with poor performance rather than overt lameness. There is convincing data that assessment of a unilaterally lame horse can be more accurately assessed using IMUs placed on the poll and the tubera sacrale (± tubera coxae) compared with subjective assessment by veterinarians with a range of experience of lameness diagnosis (Keegan et al., 1998, 2004, 2011; Keegan, 2007; Pfau et al., 2007, 2013). The evidence for the usefulness of IMUs for the assessment of lameness in more than one limb is currently less convincing, and there is limited evidence for ridden exercise (Robartes et al., 2013). However, this may reflect a failure to interpret all the potentially available information, rather than a limitation of the IMUs themselves.
Interpretation of so-called normal values determined from IMUs for assessment of gait on the lunge (Pfau et al., 2012, 2014; Starke et al., 2012; Rhodin et al., 2015) is confounded because it seems likely that some of these horses may have been lame. Their inclusion criteria were owner perceived freedom from lameness and the absence of lameness in straight lines. There is no doubt that horses do adapt their gaits to moving in a circle compared with a straight line (Clayton and Sha, 2006; Hobbs et al., 2011), but the interpretation of what are normal adaptations to moving on a circle versus pain-induced gait adaptations must be made with great care and more data are required from horses free from lameness. [...]
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