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Embryo Transfer in Alpacas
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The development of artificial breeding technologies in alpacas will increase the use and allow more economic movement of genetically superior animals nationally and internationally. Generation intervals are relatively long in alpacas because males are slow to sexually mature and females exhibit an extended gestation (11.5 months), so conventional breeding results in slow genetic gain. Assisted breeding technologies are being used to improve wool quality more rapidly than would otherwise be possible by natural mating in industries such as Merino sheep and Angora goats. However, the reproductive physiology of alpacas differs to that of other domestic livestock and remains poorly understood, therefore hindering the direct transfer of artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET) technologies from ruminants to alpacas.
The understanding of ovarian function in alpacas has been instrumental in the success of developing non-surgical, transcervical single and multiple ovulation ET. Females exhibit waves of ovarian follicular growth, with new waves emerging every 12 to 22 days (Vaughan et al., 2004). Females are induced ovulators, and ovulate 30 hours after copulation when they have a dominant follicle of at least 6 mm on either ovary (Adams et al., 2001; Bravo et al., 1991). A corpus luteum develops on the ovary at the site of ovulation 3-4 days after mating and secretes progesterone. If conception does not occur, prostaglandin is released from the uterus and induces regression of the corpus luteum 10-12 days after mating (Adams et al., 1989). The embryonic signal for maternal recognition of pregnancy must be transmitted as early as Day 9 or 10 after mating in order to ‘rescue’ the corpus luteum of pregnancy, as the corpus luteum is the major source of progesterone throughout pregnancy. […]
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