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Tools for the diagnosis and control of bovine paratuberculosis
Garrido J.M.
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Paratuberculosis (PTB) is an infectious enteropathy with worldwide distribution that mainly affects domestic and wild ruminants and is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) and triggers a regional chronic enteritis. Map infection significantly reduces the cost-effectiveness of cattle farms due to reduced milk production and early replacement of infected animals. Furthermore, Map has been associated with Crohn’s disease, so it is considered by some authors as a zoonotic pathogen. The herd-level prevalence of MAP infection is over 50% in most countries with a developed substantial dairy industry. However, it should be considered that this percentage is limited by the small number of large epidemiological studies carried out in the different countries and by the difficulty in the laboratory detection of animals in subclinical stages.
Combining pathological lesions with clinical signs, two forms of infection, latent and patent, can be distinguished. Latent forms are those present in infected animals with focal lesions, very low bacterial load, low antibody titres and absence of clinical signs. On the other hand, patent forms are those presented by animals with multifocal and diffuse lesions, associated with a higher bacterial load and the presence of more or less evident clinical signs. Detection of infected ani- mals before they present clinical signs of the disease is one of the challenges in laboratory diagnosis. So far, the combination of microbiological (culture and rt-PCR) and serological (ELI- SA) techniques with complementary sensitivity is the most effective alternative. However recent studies indicate that other techniques such as digital PCR could cover the shortcomings of current protocols.
Currently, the main disease-control strategy within dairy herds involves the combination of appropriate hygienic-sanitary measures and test and cull programs. Since test and cull programs are time-consuming, expensive, and eventually not as efficient as expected in part due to the lack of sensitivity of diagnostic tests, new approaches are needed. In this context, vaccination should be an alternative. It has been demonstrated its effect in the reduction of Map isolation in feces and tissues of infected animals and in the increasing of milk production and cow productive lifespan in infected farms. However, the possible interference of the vaccine with the tests used in the eradication control programs restrict its use. Another approach that is gaining relevance is the identification of genetic markers of resistance or susceptibility to the disease that can be considered in breeding programs.
In this talk all these aspects will be reviewed.
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Affiliation of the authors at the time of publication
NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Spain
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