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Cardiovascular monitoring, laboratory findings and pain score in calves undergoing guided bilateral rectus sheath block for umbilical hernia repair: a randomized clinical trial
Alterisio, M.C.; Ciaramella, P...
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Objectives: Despite detection and relief of pain are gaining considerable attention in farm animals, only a few clinical studies assess the effect of the analgesia in cattle after abdominal surgery, so far. Cardiovascular findings, serum cortisol level (SCL) and blood gas analysis (BGA) outcomes, as well as the pain score (PS) assessment, are considered some of the most reliable methods of clinical monitoring to evaluated stress, fear, and pain in animals. Based on the previous statements, the current study aims to define the health and welfare of bovine calves undergoing herniorrhaphy under general field anesthesia using an ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block (RSB) by multiple clinical approaches based on a set of parameters.
Materials and methods: The study has been performed on fourteen calves randomly assigned to receive either bilateral ultrasound guided RSB with 0.3 mL/kg of bupivacaine 0.25% and 0.15 μg/kg of dexmedetomidine (Treated group, TG) or 0.3 mL/kg of 0.9% NaCl (Control group, CG). All animals were monitored by Holter recording to define the effects on the cardiac dynamic, as well as SCL, BGA, and UNESP-Botucatu pain scale to assess their health and welfare status. Holter monitoring has been continuously performed from -120 minutes (min) pre-surgery to +120 min post-surgery diving the mean results in interval 1 (Int1)=-120min pre-surgery to the beginning of induction time; Int2= beginning of induction to estubation time (EST-t); Int3=EST-t to +120min post-surgery; Int4=EST-t to +15min, Int5=EST-t to +30min, Int6=EST-t to +60min, Int7=EST-t to +120min. The SCL have been evalu- ated at -150min pre-surgery (baseline), at induction time, skin incision and EST-t, as well as at +30min, + 45min, + 60min, + 120min, + 360min after surgery. BGA at -120min pre-surgery, skin incision and EST-t, as well as at + 60min, + 120min. Finally, the PS was carried out at -150min pre-surgery and at +30min, + 45min, + 60min, + 120min, + 240min, + 360min post-surgery. Intra- and extra-groups differences have been calculated with appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests. Probabilities < 0.05 were considered statistically signif- icant.
Results: No significant difference was observed regarding the heart rate between the two groups at any time-interval, while regarding the same parameter a significant intra-group difference has been observed for the TG (Int1=99.9±21.0 beat/min ±SD vs. Int2=92.7±22.0; P<0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed regarding the overall time both of respiratory arrhythmia (TG=4.08min vs. GC=25.21min; P<0.0001) and sinus tachycardia (TG=0.00min vs. GC=11.07min; P<0.001). A further significant difference was found regarding the SCL between the two groups at skin incision time (TG=0.45±0.08 ng/mL ±SD vs. CG=0.82±0.06; P<0.01), while none was observed regarding the BGA. Finally, calves receiving RSB exhibited significantly lower median PS (P<0.05) between the two groups at +45min (TG=1 vs.CG=4), +60min (TG=1 vs.CG=6), +120min (TG=0 vs.CG=1) and +240min (TG=0 vs.CG=1.5).
Conclusion: The current multiple clinical approaches based on a set of parameters assess the effects on the health and welfare of bovine calves undergoing herniorrhaphy under general field anesthesia after receiving an ultrasound guided RSB bupivacaine based, for the first time. The clinical procedures seem to reveal beneficial short-term (attested by HR and SCL) and long-term effects after surgery (attested by the PS). Although as compared to the traditional analgesic techniques, the use of this ultrasound based RSB seems to give greater beneficial effects on the health and welfare of calves affected by umbilical hernia, further studies are necessary to definitively confirm the effects and to enable this innovative analgesic procedure to become a milestone in the bovine field medicine.
Keywords: Holter calves, calves health, calves welfare, rectus sheath block, umbilical hernia.
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About
Affiliation of the authors at the time of publication
University of Napoli Federico II, Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Napoli, Italy;
University of Florida Collage of veterinary Medicine Department of comparative diagnostic and population medicine, Gainesville, United States.
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