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Association of gastrointestinal microbiota and anion gap acidosis in diarrheic calves
Li, L.; Renaud, D.L.; Goetz, H.M...
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Objectives: Diarrheic calves often develop anion gap acidosis associated with increased concentrations of unmeasured anions including D- and L-lactate. However, the mechanisms responsible for these acid-base disorders are not completely understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the fecal bacterial alterations of calves with diarrhea and to explore its relationship with changes in blood pH, bicarbonate, and the anion gap and the gastrointestinal microbiota of diarrheic calves.
Materials and Methods: Prospective case-control study. The fecal microbiota of healthy (n= 20) and diarrheic (n= 31) calves was assessed by sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons. Blood gas analysis was completed using an i-Stat analyzer. Alpha diversity was assessed using the Chao- 1, Inverse Simpson’s and Shannon Even indices. The microbial membership and structure of the fecal microbiota was compared between groups using the Jaccard and Yue & Clayton indices, respectively. LefSe analysis was used to determine differentially abundant taxa in healthy and diarrheic calves.
Results: Diarrheic calves had a lower pH and bicarbonate concentration and a higher anion gap than healthy calves. In healthy calves, a higher richness, evenness, and diversity were observed compared to diarrheic calves. The Jaccard and Yue & Clayton indices showed that the community membership and structure, respectively, of healthy dairy calves was significantly different than that of diarrheic calves (AMOVA < 0.01), for both comparisons. LefSe analysis showed an enrichment in obligated anaerobes (Phocaeicola, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, Butyricicoccus, Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae) in healthy calves while in diarrheic calves there was an increase in facultative anaerobes (Enterococcus, Ligilactobacillus, Lactobacilus, Gallibacterium Streptococcus, and Escherichia/Shigella) (LDA score > 3 and P < 0.05). In diarrheic calves an increased relative abundance of lactate-producing bacteria including Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Veillonella, Ligilactobacillus and Olsenella was detected compared to their healthy counterparts (LDA score > 3 and P < 0.05).
Conclusions: Calf diarrhea was associated with a shift from obligated to facultative anaerobes and expansion of lactate-producing bacteria. Those changes were related to acidemia and increased concentration of unmeasured anions (L- and D-lactate), estimated using the anion gap. These results suggested that gastrointestinal microbiota could play an important role in the development of anion gap acidosis in diarrheic calves.
Keywords: Acidemia, D-lactate, acidosis, bicarbonate, unmeasured anions.
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Affiliation of the authors at the time of publication
Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada;
University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada;
University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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