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Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli from dairy farms participating on an antimicrobial stewardship educational training program for farm employees
Garzon, A.; Portillo, R.; Habing, G...
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Objective: The increase in antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria is one of the biggest public health threats of our time. Although current AMR is monitored through reports such as the U.S. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System integrated report, there is a knowledge gap for on-farm AMR monitoring data. Our goal was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli (EC) from pooled fecal samples before and after implementation of an on-farm animal health and diagnostic training program for farm workers in antimicrobial stewardship in adult dairy cattle.
Methods: Pooled fecal pat samples were collected from the hospital pen (cows treated with antimicrobials with a milk withhold period), the fresh pen (1 to 3 DIM) and the mid-lactation pens (90 to 150 DIM) in conventional dairies in CA (n=9) and OH (n=9). Fecal samples were collected as part of a larger study with a quasi-experimental design that assigned farms to training intervention group (TG; 9 per state) or control group (CG; 3 per state). For the TG, farm worker(s) identified as having the task of diagnosis and treatment of adult cows on the farm participated in training program on antimicrobial stewardship practices. Samples were collected at enrollment and three months after completing the intervention. For each pooled sample, EC was isolated. Standard culture, antimicrobial sensitivity testing using the broth microdilution approach, and categorization of isolates as susceptible, intermediate, or resistant was used. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between EC antimicrobial resistance profiles and farm-level factors.
Results: A total of 504 EC isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. All isolates were susceptible to azith- romycin and sulfisoxazole. The antimicrobial resistance more commonly found was against tetracycline (TET, 18.3%), streptomycin (STR, 16.3%), ceftriaxone (AXO, 10.7%) and ampicillin (AMP, 11.1%). Resistance to ceftiofur (XNL) was only found in 1.98% of the isolates, one of the most commonly used drug on the study farms to treat sick cows, while 15.3% isolates were classified as multidrug resistant. Among the most commonly found MDR patterns were streptomycin-ceftriaxone-tetracycline (n=5), streptomycin-chloramphenicol-tetracycline (n=5), and streptomycin-ampicillin-chloramphenicol-tetracy- cline (n=4).
No significant effect on the proportion of AMR isolates was found associated to the intervention compared to the control farms. However, the univariate analysis showed that samples from OH had a higher proportion of AMR isolates to nalidix- ic acid (NAL) and TET, while samples from CA had a higher proportion of isolates resistant to XNL. There was also a higher proportion of EC isolates resistant to STR, XNL and TET from the enrollment visit compared to the visit after intervention was completed. Finally, samples from the fresh cow pen had significantly higher proportion of EC isolates resistant to cefoxitin (FOX), STR, AMP and NAL, while samples from the hospital and mid-lactation pens had higher proportion of isolates resistant to XNL and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AUG), respectively.
Conclusion: Differences on the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli from dairy farms included in this project were detected, and although, there was not a significant difference in the AMR profiles after the educational intervention, this supports the need for more research to get a better understanding of the resistome and its changes over time on dairy farms.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, education, cattle.
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Affiliation of the authors at the time of publication
Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine,University of California, Davis, Davis, United States;
Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States;
Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States;
Cooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Davis, Orland, United States.
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