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Selected Surgical Conditions of the Bovine Penis and Prepuce
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Abstract
Any abnormality that impinges on the bull’s ability to achieve either erection and extension of the penis or insertion and penetration of the vagina results in immediate infertility. Abnormalities may be congenital: persistent frenulum, micro-vascular shunts of the corpus cavernosum penis; infectious: fibropapilloma; or acquired: penile hematoma, preputial prolapse, phimosis, paraphimosis, hair rings, etc. Some conditions such as penile deviations may be developmental in nature or result from injury. Repair in turn may be relatively simple such as transecting a frenulum tag or removing a single wart. Severely damaged preputial tissue resulting in either phimosis or conversely paraphimosis with extensive damage to preputial tissue may require lengthy hospitalization and aggressive surgical intervention. Additionally, provision of an accurate prognosis and reliable cost estimate is critical to the prospective consumer (client) of these services. [...]
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