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Man-Made Diseases of the Upper Airways – Brachycephaly and Miniaturization Part 1
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Brachycephaly is a discrete mutation that has been selected for in many popular dog 'breeds e.g. bulldog breeds, pug, and Boston terrier. It is an early-onset, lifelong, over time deteriorating and debilitating syndrome with predominantly respiratory restrictions. Brachycephaly predisposes animals to experience severe and unpleasant breathlessness with a strong negative impact on the animal’s welfare. Especially in smaller breeds, adult animals show typical characteristics of young animals addressing the baby scheme in many owners. Larger brachycephalic breeds were used in medieval times, until only two hundred years ago, in a blood sport called bull baiting. This demanded a maximum of exercise tolerance from the dogs and a short head conformation was regarded as advantageous for biting. Today, most brachycephalic dog breeds are described first and foremost as suffering from pronounced exercise intolerance due to insufficient breathing. The reason for this dramatic development is an exaggerated breeding for a snub-nosed appearance. [...]
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