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Shoulder examination and test reliability
Author(s):
Sjöström L.
Updated:
JUL 02, 2015
Languages:
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The anatomy of the canine shoulder joint with a large humeral head and relatively small glenoid cup makes the joint unstable and reliant on several passive and active functions for stability. Passive stabilizers are
- Medial and lateral gleno-humeral ligaments. A study demonstrated that arthroscopic transection of the cranial arm of the MGHL in otherwise healthy shoulder joints did not cause clinically detectable medial instability, but initiated an inflammatory reaction in the joint
- Biceps tendon. The biceps tendon adds some medial stability in extension, but clinical experience shows that rupture or transection of the tendon will not cause clinically detectable instability
- Compression of normal elastic cartilage compensate for minor incongruency. In chronic degenerative joint disease the joint cartilage becomes thinner and less elastic which may disable this function
- Normal small amount of synovial fluid form a thin layer of high viscosity fluid between joint surfaces, enabling the limited joint volume/ adhesion-cohesion mechanism. This function is lost in inflammatory joint disease with increased amount of thin synovial fluid. Two studies reported a limited effect of this mechanism, but they were in vitro studies and without normal loading of the joints tested.
- The glenoid labrum is poorly developed in dogs, with a marginal stabilizing effect
Active stabilizers are the muscles forming a cuff around the shoulder joint: Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor. Joint surfaces are compressed when cuff muscles contract simultaneously, or they can selectively counteract displacing forces to the shoulder. [...]
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