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The Coughing Dog
L. Johnson
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Tracheal collapse and bronchomalacia
Tracheal collapse is commonly encountered as a cause of cough and airway obstruction in the dog, particularly in toy breed dogs. The etiology of tracheal collapse is unknown, but some affected dogs have been shown to have a reduction in chondrocytes in tracheal cartilage, which reduces the rigidity of the cartilage ring and allows flattening of the tracheal rings with stretching of the dorsal tracheal membrane. Collapse occurs in a dorsoventral direction with prolapse of the elongated dorsal tracheal membrane into the lumen of the airway. Dynamic collapse during respiration leads to mechanical irritation of the opposing mucosa that enhances tracheal edema and inflammation. The mucociliary apparatus is disrupted and there is increased risk for mucus trapping. The cervical trachea collapses during inspiration while the intrathoracic portion of the trachea collapses on expiration. Many dogs with tracheal collapse have collapse of both the cervical and intrathoracic trachea. The principle or lobar bronchi can also be affected (bronchomalacia) and small airway disease (bronchitis) is variably present.
Recognition of tracheal collapse is often relatively straightforward in the clinical situation, although documenting bronchomalacia is more challenging and can require bronchoscopy. In all cases, determining the severity of respiratory compromise, identification of predisposing conditions that could exacerbate coughing, and early intervention with appropriate therapy are essential for optimal patient management. ...
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Affiliation of the authors at the time of publication
University of California Davis, CA 95616 USA
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