1. Bednarski RM, McGuirk SM. Bradycardia associated with fasting in cattle. (Abstract) Vet Surg 1986; 15:458.
2. Tranquilli WJ. Techniques of inhalation anesthesia in ruminants and swine. Vet Clin N Am - Food Anim Pract Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1986; 2: 593-619.
3. Short CE. Preanesthetic medications in ruminants and swine. Vet Clin N Am - Food An Pract Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1986; 2: 553-566.
4. Riebold TW. Anesthetic techniques in ruminants. In: JC Thurmon, WJ Tranquilli, GJ Benson, eds. Veterinary Anesthesia, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1996: 610-626. - Available from amazon.com -
5. Carroll, GL, SM Hartsfield. General anesthetic techniques in ruminants. Vet Clin N Am - Food An Pract 1996; 12: 627-661. - PubMed -
6. Riebold, TW, DR Geiser, DO Goble. Large Animal Anesthesia: Principles and Techniques. Ames, Iowa; Iowa State University Press. 1995. - Available from amazon.com -
7. Trim CM. Special anesthesia considerations in the ruminant. In: CE Short, ed. Principles and Practice of Veterinary Anesthesia. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1987; 285-300. - Available from amazon.com -
8. Hall LW, Clarke KW, and Trim CM. In: Veterinary Anaesthesia. 10th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2000. - Available from amazon.com -
9. Greene SA, Thurmon JC. Xylazine - a review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Therap 1988; 11:295-313.
10. Taylor PM. Anaesthesia in sheep and goats. Practice 1991; 13:31-36.
11. Raptopoulos D, Weaver BMQ. Observations following intravenous xylazine administration in steers. Vet Rec 1984; 114:567-569. - PubMed -
12. Fayed AH, Abdalla E B, Anderson RR, et al. Effect of xylazine in heifers under thermoneutral or heat stress conditions. Am J Vet Res 1989; 50:151-153. - PubMed -
13. Symonds HW. The effect of xylazine upon hepatic glucose production and blood flow rate in the lactating dairy cow. Vet Rec 1976; 99:234-236. - PubMed -
14. Symonds HW, Mallison CB. The effect of xylazine and xylazine followed by insulin on blood glucose and insulin in the dairy cow. Vet Rec 1978; 102:27-29. - PubMed -
15. Eichner RD, Prior RL, Kvasnicka WG. Xylazine induced hyperglycemia in beef cattle. Am J Vet Res 1979; 40:127-129. - PubMed -
16. Thurmon JC, Nelson DR, Hartsfield SM, Rumore CA. Effects of xylazine hydrochloride on urine in cattle. Aust Vet J 1978; 54:178-180. - PubMed -
17. Hopkins TJ. The clinical pharmacology of xylazine in cattle. Aust Vet J 1972; 48:109-112.
18. Uggla A, Lindqvist Å. Acute pulmonary oedema as adverse reaction to the use of xylazine in sheep. Vet Rec 1983; 113:42.
19. LeBlanc MM, Hubbell JAE, Smith HC. The effect of xylazine hydrochloride on intrauterine pressure in the cow and the mare. In: Proceedings of the Ann Meeting Soc Theriogenol 1984; 211-220.
20. Jansen CAM, Lowe KC, Nathanielsz PW. The effects of xylazine on uterine activity, fetal and maternal oxygenation, cardiovascular function, and fetal breathing. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984; 148:386. - PubMed -
21. Jedruch J, Gajewski Z. The effect of detomidine hydrochloride Domosedan7 on the electrical activity of the uterus in cows. Acta Vet Scand 1986; 82 (suppl.): 198-192.
22. Krogh KM. Immobilisation of wild heifers with detomidine and detomidine combinations. In: Proceedings of the 7th World Cong Vet Anes 105, 2000. (Abstract)
23. Sharma SK, Nigam JM, Kumar A. Preliminary studies on the use of medetomidine in calves and its reversal by atipamezole. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Cong Vet Anes 1994; 121. (Abstract)
24. Celly, CS, McDonell WN, Black WD, Young S. Comparative cardiopulmonary effects of four α-2 adrenoceptor agonists in sheep. Vet Surg 1993; 22:545-546. (Abstract).
25. Thurmon JC. College of Veterinary Medicine. University of Illinois. Personal communication. 1993.
26. Kitzman JV, Booth NH, Hatch RC, Wallner B. Antagonism of xylazine sedation by 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine in cattle. Am J Vet Res 1982; 43, 2165-2169. - PubMed -
27. Thurmon JC, Lin HC, Tranquilli WJ, et al. A comparison of yohimbine and tolazoline as antagonist xylazine sedation in calves. Vet Surg 1989; 18:170-171.
28. Ruckenbusch Y, Toutain PL. Vet Med Rev 1984; 5:3-12.
29. Doherty TJ, Ballinger JA, McDonell WN, et al. Antagonism of xylazine-induced sedation by idazoxan in calves. Can J Vet Res 1987; 51:244-248. - PubMed -
30. Raekallio M, Kivalo M, Jalanka H, Vaisio O. Medetomidine/ketamine sedation in calves and its reversal with atipamezole. J Vet Anaesthesia 1991; 18:45-47.
31. Zahner JM, Hatch RC, Wilson RC, et al. Antagonism of xylazine sedation in steers by doxapram and 4-aminopyridine. Am J Vet Res 1984; 45:2546-2551. - PubMed -
32. Chaplin MD, Roszkowski AP, Richards RK. Displacement of thiopental from plasma proteins by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. In: Proceedings of the Soc Experim Biol Med 1973; 143:667-671.
33. Blaze CA, Holland RE, Grant AL. Gas exchange during xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in neonatal calves. Vet Surg 1988; 17:155-159. - PubMed -
34. Thurmon JC, Benson GJ. Anesthesia in ruminants and swine. In: JC Howard (ed.). Current Veterinary Therapy, Food Animal Practice 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993; 58-76.
35. Grandy JL, McDonell WN. Evaluation of concentrated solutions of guaifenesin for equine anesthesia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1980; 176:619-622. - PubMed -
36. Wall R, Muir WW. Hemolytic potential of guaifenesin cattle. Cornell Vet 1990; 80:209-216. - PubMed -
37. Thurmon JC, Benson GJ, Tranquilli WJ, Olson WA. Cardiovascular effects of intravenous infusion of guaifenesin, ketamine, and xylazine in Holstein calves. Vet Surg 1986; 15:463.
38. Lin HC, Thurmon JC, Benson GJ, et al. The hemodynamic response of calves to tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia. Vet Surg 1989; 18:328-334. - PubMed -
39. Thurmon JC, Lin HC, Benson GJ, et al. Combining Telazol 7 and xylazine for anesthesia in calves. Vet Med 1989; 84:824-830.
40. Hubbell JAE, Hull BL, Muir WW. Perianesthetic considerations in cattle. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 1986; 8:F92-F102.
41. Wagner AE. Focused Supportive Care: Blood Pressure and Blood Flow during Equine Anesthesia. In: EP Steffey (ed.). Recent Advances in Anesthetic Management of Large Domestic Animals. International Veterinary Information Service - Available from www.ivis.org -
42. Daunt DA. Supportive therapy in the anesthetized horse. Vet Clin N Am - Eq Pract Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 1990; 6:557-574.
43. Tranquilli WJ, Greene SA. Cardiovascular medications and the autonomic nervous system. In: CE Short, ed. Principles and Practice of Veterinary Anesthesia. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1987; 426-454. - Available from amazon.com -
44. Hubbell JAE. Monitoring. In: WW Muir and JAE Hubbell eds. Equine Anesthesia - Monitoring and Emergency Therapy. St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1991; 153-179. - Available from amazon.com -
45. Riebold, TW. Monitoring equine anesthesia. In: Principles and Techniques of Equine Anesthesia. Vet Clin N Am (Eq Pract). Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company. 1990; 6:607-624.
46. Matthews NS, Gleed RD, Short CE. Cardiopulmonary effects of general anesthesia in adult cattle. Mod Vet Pract 1986; 67:618-620.
47. Gallivan GJ, McDonell WN, Forrest JB. Comparative ventilation and gas exchange in the horse and cow. Res Vet Sci 1989; 46:331-336. - PubMed -
48. Moens YPS. The reliability of recent monitoring developments in veterinary anaesthesia. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Cong Vet Anes 1994; 33-35.
49. Thurmon JC, Romack FE, Garner HE. Excursion of the bovine eyeball during gaseous anesthesia. Vet Med/Sm An Clin 1968; 63:967-970.
50. Kruse-Elliott KT, Riebold TW, Swanson CR. Reversal of xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in goats. Vet Surg 1987; 16:321.
51. Young DB, Shawley RV, Barron SJ. Tolazoline reversal of xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in calves. Vet Surg 1988; 18:171.