Recognition and Handling of Peri-parturient Emergencies in Mares

Recognizing emergencies in foaling mares is significantly important in regards to the future health of the horse. The term “emergency” indicates a condition that requires immediate treatment, or may develop into a life-threatening situation for the mare. Most periparturient emergencies usually involve the genitourinary tract; however, many times the gastrointestinal system is involved.

Parturition occurs in a 3-stage process. Stage 1 is the preparatory stage; during this stage, the uterus begins to contract, the cervix dilates, and the foal begins to position itself. This stage last approximately 30 minutes to 4 hours; the end of this stage occurs when the chorioallantoic membrane ruptures; few foals delivered more than 40 minutes after chorioallantoic membrane rupture survive. Stage 2 is the passage of the foal into the birth canal. Normally the front feet will appear first, one slightly in front of other. The muzzle of the foal should be positioned between the 2 front legs. During this stage, violent uterine contractions will be observed. Expulsion of the foal should occur within 20-30 minutes. Stage 3 is expulsion of the placenta. The placenta should be passed within 30 minutes to 3 hours of foaling. […]