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Deciphering the evolution, epidemiology and virulence of Streptococcus equi towards the eradication of strangles
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Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi, is one of the most frequently diagnosed infectious diseases of horses worldwide. We have defined the global population structure of this important host-restricted pathogen revealing a population replacement in the late 19th or early 20th century. Our data provided new insights into the epidemiology of outbreaks at local, national and international levels. Strangles outbreaks can be complex, involving several different strains of S. equi, even within the same horse. We identified the origins of an outbreak of strangles in Norfolk and screened horses using diagnostic tests to minimise its impact. We describe the prevalence of strangles outbreaks throughout the UK and reveal the genetic relationships of S. equi strains from around the world. In particular, the genetic diversity of strains recovered from horses in the United Arab Emirates emphasises the benefits of screening for S. equi infection prior to the international movement of horses.
The development of new vaccines against strangles would lead to important health benefits for horses. A new experimental technique permits the simultaneous identification of every gene required for S. equi to cause disease. Our data are being used to enhance the safety and effectiveness of vaccines against strangles towards the gradual eradication of this disease from horse populations.
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