How I Approach... Jaundice in the Dog

Introduction

Jaundice (or icterus) is a syndrome characterized by a yellow discoloration of the mucosae and teguments, caused by an increase in the serum concentration of bilirubin (hyperbilirubinemia). Although often indicative of hepatic disease, extra-hepatic conditions can also result in icterus. Detection of jaundice in the dog is relatively easy, but determining the exact etiology can prove more challenging and a rigorous diagnostic work-up is essential. Given the complexity of the mechanisms behind icterus, it is important to follow a clear and consistent diagnostic approach; this article describes the authors’ preferred method of approaching a dog with icterus. [...]

Key Points

• Icterus can be classified into 3 pathological and etiological types; it can have a variety of causes and the mechanisms behind it are complex.
• Careful, in-depth history taking is essential, as is a thorough clinical examination.
• A variety of laboratory and other diagnostic tests are usually necessary to reach a definitive diagnosis; shortcuts and assumptions should be avoided.