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  4. Endocrinopathies - Veterinary Focus - Vol. 21(1) - Feb. 2011
  5. L'ipotiroidismo nel cane
Endocrinopathies - Veterinary Focus - Vol. 21(1) - Feb. 2011
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L'ipotiroidismo nel cane

Author(s):
Castillo V.
In: Endocrinopathies - Veterinary Focus - Vol. 21(1) - Feb. 2011 by Veterinary Focus
Updated:
FEB 01, 2011
Languages:
  • DE
  • EN
  • ES
  • FR
  • IT
  • PT-PT
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    Introduzione

    L'ipotiroidismo è il disturbo endocrino più comune nel cane e la maggior parte dei casi riguarda cani di oltre un anno di età anche se forse il 10% può includere animali più giovani. Un numero limitato di casi (~ 3%) è congenito, mentre il resto si riferisce a patologie acquisite durante la crescita. La ghiandola tiroide del cane è situata lateralmente alla trachea, nella regione degli anelli tracheali prossimali (1). Istologicamente, l'unità funzionale è il follicolo tiroideo, che comprende le cellule follicolari (tireociti) e la colloide: ogni ghiandola contiene sia grandi follicoli (a riposo), sia piccoli follicoli (attivi) (Figura 1). L'embriogenesi e la maturazione dell'asse tiroideo fetale possono essere divise in tre periodi:

    - Il primo periodo corrisponde all'embriogenesi della ghiandola, con le forme tiroidee nella terza e nella quarta tasca faringea, sotto quella che sarà la lingua. La migrazione della tiroide verso la trachea e l'inizio della sua funzione fisiologica sono regolati da fattori di trascrizione. Il TSH-R (recettore dell'ormone di rilascio della tireotropina [TSH]) viene espresso alla fine dello sviluppo embrionale della ghiandola, con l'avvio dell'assorbimento di iodio nella ghiandola tiroidea fetale (2). Durante questa fase il 100% della tiroxina (T4) proviene dalla madre ed è fondamentale per lo sviluppo corretto del sistema nervoso e di altri tessuti embrionali.

    -Il secondo periodo corrisponde alla maturazione dell'asse tiroideo fetale e inizia quando la tiroide raggiunge la sua posizione anatomica. A questo punto l'ipotalamo inizia a produrre TRH (l'ormone di rilascio della tireotropina) e consecutivamente si osservano il rilascio e la sintesi di TSH, l'assorbimento di iodio da parte della ghiandola tiroidea fetale e la sintesi di T4. Si noti che un'ampia percentuale di T4 va incontro a deionizzazione nel feto producendo la forma inversa della triiodotironina (rT3). Durante questo periodo il 50% di T4 è di origine materna, ma questo valore diminuisce gradualmente fino al 20% al termine del periodo di gestazione. Questo contributo materno è fondamentale per la crescita fetale e il mantenimento dello stato eutiroideo nel cucciolo neonato durante le prime 24 ore di vita.

    -Il terzo periodo corrisponde all'intervallo dopo la nascita e culmina con la maturazione anatomica della ghiandola tiroide (2). Nel cucciolo neonato i follicoli tiroidei non sono ancora pienamente sviluppati. Da 48 a 72 ore dopo il parto si osservano i primi follicoli maturi e dopo una settimana la ghiandola tiroidea è anatomicamente e istologicamente matura.

    Questa maturazione, a sua volta, è correlata con l'azione di TSH e T4 nell'animale neonato: 48 ore dopo il parto il TSH aumenta mentre T4 diminuisce, così da permettere la maturazione del follicolo e un conseguente aumento nei livelli di T4 (Figura 2).

    Punti Chiave

    • L'ipotiroidismo è l'endocrinopatia più comune nel cane.
    • Si riconoscono sia forme adulte, sia forme giovanili.
    • La consapevolezza dei parametri evolutivi ed endocrinologici favorisce la comprensione di questa malattia.
    • I segni clinici possono variare e non hanno sempre le solite caratteristiche di obesità, letargia e mantello scadente descritte in molti libri di testo.
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    How to reference this publication (Harvard system)?

    Castillo, V. (2011) “L'ipotiroidismo nel cane”, Endocrinopathies - Veterinary Focus - Vol. 21(1) - Feb. 2011. Available at: https://www.ivis.org/library/veterinary-focus/endocrinopathies-veterinary-focus-vol-211-feb-2011/lipotiroidismo-nel-cane (Accessed: 31 May 2023).

    Author(s)

    • Castillo V.

      PhD
      Small Animal Clinical Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, University of Buenos Aires (UBA)
      Read more about this author

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    © All text and images in this publication are copyright protected and cannot be reproduced or copied in any way.
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