Hormone Assays

Determination of the circulating levels of different reproductive hormones has allowed great advances in the characterization of reproductive phenomena and diagnosis of physiological status and pathological conditions in many domestic and wild animal species (Table 8).

Accuracy of hormonal assay has increased with the development of new sensitive techniques (e.g. Radio-immunoassay, Enzyme Linked Immunoassay) and the use of highly purified autologous hormone.^{(22, 24, 25, 90-92)} The major reproductive hormones (LH, FSH, GH, Prolactine) have been recently characterized, and very sensitive assays were set up that could be very helpful in the study of reproductive processes and diagnosis of pathological conditions.^(46-49)
 

Determination of progesterone levels in blood or its metabolite in urine is probably the most widely used hormone assay in camelidae.^{(2-5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 23, 35, 37, 38, 57, 58, 63, 65, 67, 83, 90, 91, 132, 139)} Progesierone levels above 2 ng/rnl are considered to be indicative of the presence of a functional corpus luteum. Therefore, this assay is used to determine occurrence of ovulation in bred females. Progesterone levels are also an important screening procedure for the selection of recipients in an embryo transfer program. Pregnancy status is suspected if progesterone level remains high in a second sample taken 2 weeks after breeding. This method of pregnancy diagnosis is relatively precise if breeding history is accurate.^{(4, 68, 69)}

Levels of estrogens in plasma are a good indicator of follicular activity in the female but they are rarely measured for this objective. However, plasma or urine levels of estrone sulfate are a good indicator of the viability of the fetus and feto-placental unit.^{(14-16, 35, 39, 50, 56, 111, 127)}

It is likely in that in the near future, rapid tests for LH and progesterone will be developed to aid in the management of breeding in camelidae in the field.

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