Commercial Dog Breeding: Implications for Animal Well-being

Abstract
Commercial breeding of dogs is an emotionally laden, contentious and complex topic. Opposition to “puppy mills” appears to have increased in the past decade in the U.S., with a growing number of legislative initiatives aimed at regulating such operations. Concerns about dogs reared for commercial breeding purposes vary. However, they range from physical impingements on dog well-being as a function of their nutrition, genetics, housing, husbandry practices, reproductive and general health to behavioral wellness issues. Recent efforts to establish standards for humane care of commercially reared dogs have focused primarily on addressing sanitation and physical health issues. However, relatively little is offered in the way of mandating conditions that support behavioral well-being in these dogs, an oversight that is particularly problematic given that the intended purpose of the animals is for sale as companions. Behavioral problems in commercially reared dogs may stem from many of the same sources as the physical welfare issues (genetics, environment) and may manifest in undesirable behaviors such as excessive vocalization, anxiety and fearfulness, destructive behavior and aggression. As efforts to regulate commercial dog breeding continue, there are likely to be increased opportunities for veterinary oversight of the care management and well-being of the animals. Improved incorporation of expertise in theriogenology, animal behavior and welfare will be essential to improving the quality of life experienced by dogs used for commercial breeding purposes. [...]