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How I Treat... Bacterial Infections in Birds
M. Krautwald-Junghanns
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Treatment plan for bacterial infections in birds is as follows:
a) Identification of the bacterium
Is the bacterium isolated in pure culture in high number from the site of assumed infection? Is it an obligatory pathogen or a facultative pathogen? Is the bacterium isolated responsible for the clinical symptoms? Is an underlying diseases possible (f.e. Aspergillus, Macrorhabdus ornithogaster)? Non- specific “prophylactic” use of antimicrobials should be avoided. Furthermore, some bacteria like mycobacteria are difficult to diagnose and may be overseen in the first instance.
b) Selection of an antimicrobial drug
Published avian drug dosages are often based on clinical experience or data extrapolated from other species. Thus, it is the veterinarians responsibility to monitor antibiotic treatment in the individual avian patient. Selecting an antibiotic should be based first on susceptibility and the ability to reach the site of infection. Some bacteria have predictable susceptibility, like chlamydia are commonly susceptible to tetracyclines. In most bacteria an vitro susceptibility test is required for drug selection. Considering susceptibility tests it is important to notice that the classification is often based on the serum concentrations that are achieved in humans, concentrations which may not be achieved in the avian patient. In a severely ill patient, or in one that has an infection in an area that is difficult to culture, it may be necessary to start treatment without a culture and susceptibility test. In these cases it is helpful to know the common causes of infection and the antimicrobial drugs most likely to be effective (see table 1). Furthermore selection of the drug may also be based on the route of administration and the required frequency of administration. A higher frequency of parenteral daily drug administration may result in stress for the bird, which is also an important point to consider. Critically ill birds should be treated with parenteral medications to establish effective drug concentrations quickly.
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Affiliation of the authors at the time of publication
University Leipzig, Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Leipzig, Germany.
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