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Avian Ultrasonography
M. Krautwald-Junghanns
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Avian ultrasonographic investigations are of primary importance when investigating the cardiovascular and urogenital systems as well as the liver parenchyma. Typical indications for examining these areas of the body are the differentiation of hydropericardium from cardiomegaly, assessment of parenchymal changes (i.e. differentiation between neoplasia, cysts, or inflammatory changes) and investigating radiolucent masses in the reproductive tract of female birds (e.g. the formation of a laminated egg). Furthermore, this imaging method is the only one that can be used in the living bird to diagnose certain disease processes (e.g. pericardial effusion). In addition, sonographically guided biopsy collection is becoming more important in avian medicine. Although the ultrasonographic imaging of internal organs in healthy birds may be difficult, this is not the case in diseased avian patients. Organ enlargement, displacement of the air sacs, and fluid accumulation facilitates the coupling of the transducer therefore improving image quality.
For in depth information the reader is referred to the atlas: Krautwald-Junghanns M.-E., Pees M., Reese S., Tully T. Diagnostic Imaging of Exotic Pets. Schlütersche Comp., Hannover, Germany, 2011.
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Affiliation of the authors at the time of publication
University Leipzig, Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Leipzig, Germany.
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