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Relation Between Stress and Chronic Kidney Disease: Is It Possible?
G. Da Graça Pereira
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INTRODUCTION
Stress is considered to be involved in the majority of behavioural problems in cats (Manteca et al, 2007), and currently it is recognised that chronic stress plays a negative role in the health state of an individual (Imumorin et al, 2005). Constant noradrenergic activation leads to an inadequate adrenocortical control that seems be deeply linked with the evolution of chronic disease (Westropp & Buffington, 2004). Specific medical conditions related to unresolved stress and anxiety are present in almost all veterinary specialities including Neurology - feline orofacial pain syndrome (Rusbridge et al., 2010); Endocrinology - obesity and diabetes (O’Brien, 2002); Dermatology - atopy (Gerbier, 2002), compulsive licking (Sawyer et al., 1999) and other dermatologic pathologies (Virga, 2003); Gastroenterology - chronic idiopathic gastric pathologies (Marion, 2002); and Urology - feline idiopathic cystitis (Westropp & Buffington, 2004). Therefore, stress and anxiety can increase the risk of various diseases and exacerbate many medical disorders.
STRESS RESPONSE AND RELATION WITH KIDNEY DAMAGE
When an animal is exposed to a stressing stimulus, this immediately starts a response (Romero & Butler, 2007), through the activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System (Joëls & Baram, 2009). The continuos activation of this system due a situation of chronic stress leads to a constant release of renin by the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Renin, through the System Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (SRAA), stimulates the release of Angiotensin II that leads not only to an increase on the cardiac output but also an increase in peripheral vascular resistence and, consequently, systemic hypertension. […]
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About
Affiliation of the authors at the time of publication
Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Lusófona (FMV), Center for Animal Knowledge (CPCA), Algés, Portugal.
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