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Upper Airway Obstruction – Diagnosis and Treatment
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Upper airway obstruction is a common clinical condition in both dogs and cats. Surgical procedures are performed to remove, repair, or bypass areas of obstruction, injury, or disease. Animals typically have a slow and deep respiratory pattern with increased effort on inspiration. Diagnosis of upper airway obstruction is based on signalment, history and clinical signs, physical examination findings, hematologic and serum biochemical parameters, radiographs, and laryngeal examination. Although there are numerous causes of upper airway obstruction, the most common conditions in dogs include brachycephalic airway syndrome, laryngeal paralysis, and tracheal collapse.
BRACHYCEPHALIC AIRWAY SYNDROME
Brachycephalic airway syndrome refers to the condition of upper airway distress attributable to anatomical abnormalities. Commonly affected breeds include English bulldogs, Boston terriers, Pugs, Pekingese, French bulldogs, and Cavalier King Charles spaniels. There are main four components of brachycephalic syndrome: stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, everted laryngeal saccules, and laryngeal collapse. Everted laryngeal saccules and laryngeal collapse are considered secondary components that develop as a result of chronic obstructive breathing due to stenotic nares and elongated soft palate. Other upper airway components include macroglossia, redundant pharyngeal folds, nasopharyngeal turbinates, and everted tonsils. Concurrent abnormalities that may contribute to clinical signs associated with brachycephalic syndrome include hypoplastic trachea, hiatal hernia, aspiration pneumonia, obesity, and underlying lower airway, cardiac, or gastrointestinal disease.
Dogs with brachycephalic syndrome typically present for loud, stridorous breathing. More severely affected dogs may have exercise intolerance, cyanosis, and syncope. Several components of brachycephalic airway syndrome are present at birth, but often animals do not present until they are 2 or 3 years old. In general, the older the animal is when it presents, the more likely it is to have secondary problems and a poorer response to surgery. Diagnosis of brachycephalic syndrome is made from physical examination and laryngeal examination. Thoracic radiographs are essential to rule out other underlying conditions that may affect the animal’s overall prognosis. […]
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