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Review: One Hundred Years of Veterinary Parasitology in the Land of Israel
Pipano, E.
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In the present review, an effort was made to describe the progress of veterinary parasitology in the Land of Israel, by following publications that have appeared in the literature, since the establishment of the rule of the mandate given to Britain by the League of Nations at the San Remo Conference in 1920 (1).
Livestock was one of the pillars of the ancient economy. The sources of ancient Judaism and especially the Bible and the Talmud contain an extensive list of animal names and many discussions on animal medicine, hygiene, poisoning and means of prevention and cure of diseases. Enormous veterinary medical material is found in “Shulchan Aruch” written by Rabbi Yosef Caro in 1565. This information includes the rules necessary for testing kosher for the approval of food from animal origin for eating. The Mishnah mentions anatomic-pathological defects for the disqualification of slaughtered animals for human consumption, which in contemporary veterinary medicine are still considered a serious threat to the public health and are contrary to the rules of hygiene (2).
With the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948, Dr. Yitzhak Tzur-Tchernomorets was appointed the first director of the department in the government Veterinary Institute and served in that position until his untimely death in 1965. He published in 1959 the list of “blood parasites in Israeli livestock” (3). These parasites manifested themselves more powerfully in the early 1930s with the beginning of the improvement of the local breed of cattle. It is no coincidence that parasites from this group were used as a topic for final theses to obtain a doctorate in veterinary medicine by Israelis who studied in veterinary schools abroad (4, 5). In 1952, professor Shaul Adler wrote in the OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) bulletin that “piroplasmosis” (synonymous with tick fever) was the most important group of diseases
of the dairy herd (6).
The presence of Anaplasma marginale in cattle in Israel was first documented in 1924 by The Central Laboratories of the British Mandatory Government by examination of blood smears of a cow that had been brought from Beirut to the Jewish settlement of Yama (now Yavniel) (7). Tsur conducted experiments to vaccinate cattle against A. marginale by inoculation of Anaplasma parasites of sheep and goats (A. ovis) (8, 9). In summarizing the results of the experiments, he reported that the Anaplasma of sheep and goats were specific to these animals, does not infect cattle and does not prevent infection with cattle Anaplasma, an opinion that is accepted to this
day. In 1952, the natural mutation A. centrale was brought to Israel from South Africa and is still used to produce a vaccine against anaplasmosis of cattle. This vaccine was restricted to an age of about six months (10) and created a state of carrier throughout the life of the cattle (11).
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About
Affiliation of the authors at the time of publication
Professor Emeratus, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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