Sapindus species: Soapberry

Family

Sapindaceae

Common Names

Soapberry, false dogwood, jaboncillo.

Plant Description

A genus made up of 13 species of evergreen or deciduous climbers, shrubs and small trees native to Europe and North America. The bark of the trees is gray-brown and coarsely furrowed. Leaves are pinnately compound, with 7 - 18 lanceolate leaflets. Inflorescences are large panicles produced at the ends of branches. The flowers are small with 4 - 5 sepals and petals, and greenish-white in color. The berries are amber in color, translucent, containing large dark brown seeds (Fig. 352).

Figure 352. Sapindus saponaria.

Toxic Principle and Mechanism of Action

A variety of triterpenoid saponins are present in the fruits, and are similar to those found in various holly species (Hedera spp.), English ivy (Hedera helix), and common plants such as baby’s breath (Gypsophila spp.), corn cockle (Agrostemma githago), cow cockle (Vaccaria hispanica), poke weed (Phytolacca americana), and bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis) [1]. Saponins (soap-like compounds) are widely distributed in many plant genera. The irritant properties of the saponins can cause gastroenteritis, although ruminants seem to be able to eat the berries without problem [2].

Risk Assessment

Poisoning from Sapindus species is unlikely unless quantities of the berries are consumed. Soapberry is a commonly cultivated tree and the berries persisting on trees in winter are a potential source of poisoning.

Clinical Signs

Vomiting and diarrhea can be anticipated, and in severe cases, symptomatic treatment may be necessary.