Ornithogallum species: Star of Bethlehem

Family

Liliaceae (Hyacinthaceae)

Common Names

Star of Bethlehem, chinkerinchee.

Plant Description

A large genus of some 150 species native to Africa, Europe, and Asia, Ornithogallum species are stemless lilies arising from a bulb. The basal leaves are linear and fleshy. The inflorescence consists of short or tall, pyramid-shaped racemes of white, cupped or star-shaped flowers, and fragrant depending on the species (Fig. 290 and Fig. 291). Fruits are capsules with many seeds. (Some species such as O. umbellatum (Star of Bethlehem) are invasive) (Fig. 292).

Figure 290. Ornithogallum saundersiae.

Figure 291. Ornithogallum saundersiae flowers.

Figure 292. Ornithogallum umbellatum (Star of Bethlehem).

Toxic Principle and Mechanism of Action

All parts of the plant contain a variety of toxic cardenolides similar to those found in lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) [1,2]. A variety of saponins are also present in the plant and may account for some of the gastrointestinal signs. The bulb is particularly toxic to many animal species including humans, dogs, and livestock [2,3].

Risk Assessment

Ornithogallum species are not common in North America, although species such as O. umbellatum has been introduced into the south eastern States where it has become invasive in pastures and meadows in some areas. The attractive species O. thyrsoides is sometimes grown as a garden or potted plant for its attractive, showy flowers.

Clinical Signs

Sudden death or gastrointestinal signs characterize poisoning from Ornthogallum species [2]. Blindness has been reported in some animals after eating the plant.