Daphne species: Daphne

Family

Thymelaeaceae

Common Name

Daphne, spurge laurel, mezereon Daphne of toxicologic significance include D. cneorum, C. genkwa, D. laureola, and D. odora [1].

Plant Description

Comprising a genus of some 50 or more species, Daphne are native to Europe, North Africa, and subtropical Asia.

Deciduous or evergreen, erect, woody, branching, shrubs with alternate or opposite, glossy green, ovate to lanceolate leaves. Inflorescences are terminal or axillary, single or clusters of 4 lobed, fragrant flowers that are white, greenish-white, pink, purple or yellow-orange in color depending on the species. Many cultivars have been developed that have enhanced flower color, and some have variegated leaves. Fruits are globular to ovoid, leathery or fleshy, yellow, red, orange or black drupes (Fig. 134-Fig. 136).

Figure 134. Daphne burkwoodii.

Figure 135. Daphne burkwoodii "Carol Mackii".

Figure 136. Daphne mezereum leaves / fruits.

Toxic Principle and Mechanism of Action

The leaves and fruits of Daphne contain a variety of bitter tasting tricyclic daphnane and tigliane diterpenes [2]. Poisoning has occurred in children eating the attractive berries, and in livestock browsing on the plants [1]. In addition to the irritant effects on the digestive tract, seizures, tremors and deaths have been reported in children who ate the fruits [1,3].

Risk Assessment

Daphne are commonly grown as garden shrubs for their attractive foliage, flowers, and fruits. The colorful fruits pose the greatest risk to children or animals that eat them. The bitter taste of the fruits generally limits intake and therefore the severity of poisoning.

Clinical Signs

Intense reddening and swelling of the oral mucous membranes, excessive salivation, blistering of the tongue and lips, and vomiting are common effects of Daphne poisoning. Diarrhea with blood may occur if sufficient plant material was swallowed. Treatment usually requires activated charcoal orally, along with fluid therapy where diarrhea leads to dehydration.