Caesalpinia species: Bird of paradise

Family

Fabaceae

Common Name

Peacock flower, Barbados pride, bird of paradise flower, dwarf Poinciana. Some shrub species of Caesalpinia were formally named in the genus Poinciana and should not be confused with the "Poinciana" tree of the genus Delonix. Three species of Caesalpinia are of possible toxicologic significance [1]: Caesalpinia coriaria, C. gilliesii, C. pulcherima.

Plant Description

A diverse genus of 70 or more species found in the tropical regions of the world. Caesalpinia species are scrambling climbers, shrubs, or trees, often with many thorns. Some species are deciduous in the tropical dry season. Leaves are bipinnate, some very large with numerous leaflets. Flowers are produced as spikes, from the upper leaf axles and are showy, with separate petals, conspicuous stamens in shades of red, yellow, or cream. Fruits are typical leguminous pods (Fig. 74 and Fig. 75).

Figure 74. Caesalpinia mexicana.

Figure 75. Caesalpinia pulcherima.

Toxic Principle and Mechanism of Action

A variety of toxic compounds are found in the genus Caesalpinia, including gallotannins, and diterpenoids. All parts of the plant are toxic, but especially the pods and seeds. The gallotannins our potent irritants, causing severe gastrointestinal disturbances, including vomiting, colic, and severe diarrhea.

Risk Assessment

Caesalpinia species are attractive, shrubs and trees commonly grown as ornamentals in warmer climates. Consequently, domesticated animals can be exposed to the pods and seeds of these plants, at various times of the year. Poisoning has been experimentally produced in animals by feeding dried leaves and seeds [2,3].

Clinical Signs and Treatment

Vomiting, diarrhea, and in severe cases, dehydration may occur after the ingestion of seeds. Treatment, if necessary, should be directed at relieving the vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration.