Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus

History and clinical signs
Although it can be diagnosed in any breed at any age, gastric dilation and volvulus more commonly affects adult large deep-chested breeds. Progressive gastric distention leads to pressure on the vascular system especially the venous system compromising venous return to the heart thus leading to inadequate preload and shock secondary
to inadequate stroke volume. Pressure on the diaphragm caused by a progressively dilating stomach may compromise lung expansion and lead to ventilatory compromise. Vascular compromise of the circulation to the stomach itself may lead to tissue ischemia, release of endotoxin into the circulation and ultimately to the release of cytokines and SIRS. […]