Myofascial Chains in the Horse

Introduction
Myofascial chains are rows of interconnected anatomical structures in the locomotion system. the main component of the chains is connective tissue. in humans the chains are so far found to play a crucial role in body-posture with major influence/impact on the biomechanics. Myers (2009)1 has dissected twelve chains in humans. these have yet to be shown in horses. the aim of this study was to identify and investigate three myo- fascial chains in horses.

Materials and methods
The superficial dorsal line (SDL); superficial ventral line (SVL) and lateral line (LL) were dissected in five horses. functional interactions within and between the chains were evaluated and correlated to biomechanical theories e.g. “the bow-string” concept.

Results
The SDL holds structures that flex the hind legs and extend the hips, back and neck. the SVL performs antagonistically to SDL, and the LL is involved in lateral body flexion.
the equine myofascial chains mirrored those in humans, but significant differences were found. in the equine head the SDL continues orally into the fascia occipitalis and m. temporalis onto the mandible and anastomoses with the SVL within the masseter muscle. in the equine limb the SDL passes from the tuber calcaneus into the tarsal retinacu- lum and ligaments; the suspensory ligament; the check ligament and other distal plantar structures. Via p3 and the extensor branch of the suspensory ligament the SVL connects to the SDL. the LL attaches to the SDL and SVL in the upper neck/head and distally in p3 and comprices structures, which flex the body laterally.

Conclusions
In conclusion it can be stated that SDL, SVL and LL complete a functional 3-D anatomical/ structural ring, which balances the dorsal, ventral and lateral postures of the horse. the presence of these myofascial chains in horses gives rise to a very promising new tool to be used to evaluate biomechanics in e.g. poor performance horses and horses recovering from inju- ries, by studying closely the body posture and integrity between the myofascial chains.