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Equine Respiratory Diseases - Lekeux P.
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Normal Respiratory Values

Author(s):
van Erck E.,
Art T. and
Lekeux P.
In: Equine Respiratory Diseases by Lekeux P.
Updated:
APR 22, 2005
Languages:
  • EN
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    Read

    Conversion Table for Common Values

    Data

    SI Units*

    Other Units

    Pressure

    1 kPa

    7.5 mmHg

     

    1 kPa

    10.2 cmH2O

     

    1 kPa

    10 mbar

     

    1 kPa

    0.0099 atm

     

    1 kPa

    0.1 N/cm2

    Work

    1 J

    0.239 cal

     

    1 J

    10.2 cmH2O.cm2

    Power

    1 W

    0.0143 kcal/min

    Gas exchange

    1 mmol/min

    22.4 ml/min

    Gas content

    1 mmol/liter

    2.24 ml/dl

    Hemoglobin

    1 mmol/liter

    16.1 g/liter

    *SI Units = International System of Units.
    Other conversion tables are available at:
    www.digitaldutch.com/unitconverter
    www.onlineconversion.com
    www.megaconverter.com/mega2

    1. Normal Ventilation Values

    1.1. Normal Ventilation Values in Adult Horses

    Mean ventilation values in healthy Thoroughbred horses are considered average for their quality, fitness, age (5 years), and size (mean body weight 470 kg) and running on a treadmill under temperature climatic conditions (lung and gas volumes are expressed as BTPS and STPD respectively). Measurements were made at 6 m/s at walk (duration: 5 minutes), 3.4 m/s at trot (duration: 5 minutes), 8 m/s at canter (duration: 1 minute) and 10 m/s with 4% slope incline at gallop (duration: 1 minute) and 5 minutes after recovery [1].

    Value

    Unit

    Rest

    Walk

    Slow Trot

    Canter

    Fast Gallop

    Recovery

    VO2max%

    %

    3.3

    14

    18

    60

    100

    20

    VT

    liters

    5.6

    5.8

    6.2

    9.2

    13.2

    6.5

    VD

    liters

    3.4

    3.4

    3.5

    2.6

    2.6

    3.5

    VA

    liters

    2.2

    2.4

    2.8

    6.6

    10.6

    3.0

    VD/VT

    %

    60

    58

    57

    28

    20

    54

    f

    breaths/min

    14

    65

    91

    113

    121

    110

    ti

    seconds

    1.9

    0.45

    0.34

    0.27

    0.25

    0.29

    te

    seconds

    2.4

    0.47

    0.32

    0.27

    0.25

    0.26

    ti/ttot

    %

    44

    49

    52

    50

    50

    53

     E

    liters/min

    78

    377

    564

    1040

    1598

    715

     D

    liters/min

    47

    219

    321

    291

    320

    386

     A

    liters/min

    31

    158

    243

    749

    1278

    329

     E/VO2

    liters/liter

    35

    40

    47

    26

    24

    55

     E/VCO2

    liters/liter

    43

    48

    51

    27

    23

    51

    mean  i

    liters/s

    2.9

    13

    19

    34

    53

    26

    mean  e

    liters/s

    2.3

    12

    20

    34

    53

    30

     imax

    liters/s

    4.1

    14

    27

    45

    64

    32

     emax

    liters/s

    4.2

    18

    30

    52

    79

    39

     i

    liters/s2

    8

    240

    632

    1124

    1685

    650

     e

    liters/s2

    7

    225

    566

    1086

    1595

    744

    VO2max %: percent of maximal oxygen uptake; VT: tidal volume; VD: physiological dead space; VA: alveolar volume; VD/VT: ratio of dead space to tidal volume; f: breathing frequency; ti: inspiratory time of the breathing cycle; te: expiratory time; ti/ttot: ratio of inspiratory to total time of the breathing cycle;  E: minute volume;  D: dead space ventilation;  A: alveolar ventilation;  E/VO2: ventilatory equivalent for oxygen uptake;  E/VCO2: ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide output; mean  i: mean inspiratory flow or inspiratory drive; mean  e: mean expiratory flow;  imax: peak inspiratory flow;  emax: peak expiratory flow;  i: volume acceleration at the onset of inspiration;  e: volume acceleration at the onset of expiration.

    1.2. Normal Ventilation in Neonate Foals

    Ventilatory parameters and pressure changes during normal tidal breathing in the standing foal less than 1 week of age [2,3]

    Age in Days

      n  

    VT (L)

    VT/kg (ml/kg)

    f (bpm)

     E(L/min)

     E/kg (ml/kg)

    Ti (sec)

    Te (sec)

    2

    7

    0.65 ± 0.15

    15.8 ± 2.5

    53.9 ± 9.9

    34.8 ± 12.0

    848 ± 231

    0.51 ± 0.15

    0.72 ± 0.09

    7

    9

    0.90 ± 0.17

    17.6 ±3.0

    40.9 ± 5.2

    33.9 ± 7.5

    717 ± 157

    0.65 ± 0.10

    0.75 ± 0.17

    Values are means ± s.d.

    VT: tidal volume; f: frequency of breathing, bpm: breaths per minute;  E: minute ventilation; Ti: inspiratory time; Te: expiratory time.

    2. Normal Values of Breathing Mechanics

    2.1. Normal Values of Breathing Mechanics in Adult Horses

    Mean ventilation values in healthy Thoroughbred horses are considered average for their quality, fitness, age (5 years), and size (mean body weight 470 kg) and running on a treadmill under temperature climatic conditions (lung and gas volumes are expressed as BTPS and STPD respectively). Measurements were made at 6 m/s at walk (duration: 5 minutes), 3.4 m/s at trot (duration: 5 minutes), 8 m/s at canter (duration: 1 minute) and 10 m/s with 4% slope incline at gallop (duration: 1 minute) and 5 minutes after recovery [1].

    Value

    Unit

    Rest

    Walk

    Slow Trot

    Canter

    Fast Gallop

    Recover 5'

    Ppl min

    kPa

    -0.78

    -1.19

    -1.78

    -3.19

    -4.85

    -1.68

    Ppl max

    kPa

    -0.34

    0.31

    0.55

    2.42

    3.62

    0.53

    MaxΔPpl

    kPa

    0.44

    1.50

    2.33

    5.61

    8.47

    2.21

    Pin

    kPa

    0.02

    0.54

    1.16

    2.61

    4.26

    1.71

    ΔPV = 0

    kPa

    0.24

    -0.29

    -0.90

    -2.42

    -3.88

    -1.90

    Cdyn

    liter/kPa

    23

    -20

    -6.8

    -3.8

    -3.4

    -3.4

    RL

    Pa/liter/s

    25

    26

    30

    48

    57

    27

    RUA

    Pa/liter/s

    20

    21

    23

    38

    46

    21

    RLA

    Pa/liter/s

    5

    5

    7

    10

    11

    6

    Wvis

    J

    1.4

    6.2

    14

    36

    82

    14

     vis

    J/min

    17

    403

    1274

    4068

    9922

    1540

     vis/VE

    J/min

    0.22

    1.07

    2.2

    3.9

    6.2

    2.2

     vis/VO2

    J/liter

    7.7

    42

    106

    102

    148

    118

    Ppl min: peak intrapleural pressure recorded during inspiration; Ppl max: peak intrapleural pressure recorded during expiration; maxΔPpl: maximum change in intrapleural pressure; Pin: initial pressure; ΔPV=0: intrapleural pressure gradient between the 2 points of zero flow; Cdyn: dynamic lung compliance; RL: total pulmonary resistance; RUA: upper airways resistance; RLA: lower airways resistance;  vis: viscous work of breathing;  vis: minute work of breathing;  vis/VE: work of breathing per ventilated liter;  vis/VO2: work of breathing per liter of oxygen uptake.

    2.2. Normal Values of Impulse Oscillometry Mechanics in Adult Horses

    Values of respiratory resistance (Rrs) measured from 5 to 35 Hz with the Impulse Oscillometry System (IOS) [4]

    Rrs (kPa/l/s)

    Mean

    SD

    CLL

    CLU

    R5Hz

    0.070

    0.012

    0.066

    0.074

    R10Hz

    0.081

    0.011

    0.077

    0.085

    R15Hz

    0.088

    0.012

    0.085

    0.092

    R20Hz

    0.079

    0.010

    0.076

    0.083

    R25Hz

    0.075

    0.010

    0.072

    0.078

    R35Hz

    0.062

    0.009

    0.059

    0.065

    SD: Standard deviation, CLL: 95% lower confidence limit, CLU: 95% upper confidence limit

    Values of reactance (Xrs) measured from 5 to 35 Hz with the Impulse Oscillometry System (IOS) [4]

    Xrs (kPa/l/s)

    Mean

    SD

    CLL

    CLU

    X5Hz

    0.020

    0.007

    0.017

    0.022

    X10Hz

    0.015

    0.009

    0.012

    0.018

    X15Hz

    0.009

    0.012

    0.005

    0.013

    X20Hz

    0.006

    0.015

    0.001

    0.010

    X25Hz

    0.003

    0.013

    -0.001

    0.008

    X35Hz

    -0.003

    0.010

    -0.007

    0.000

    SD: Standard deviation, CLL: 95% lower confidence limit, CLU: 95% upper confidence limit

    3. Normal Gas Exchange Values

    3.1. Normal Values of Blood Gases in Adult Horses

    PaO2  85 - 105 mmHg
    PaCO
    2  42 - 46 mmHg
    pH  7.38 - 7.42

    Mean ventilation values in healthy Thoroughbred horses are considered average for their quality, fitness, age (5 years), and size (mean body weight 470 kg) and running on a treadmill under temperature climatic conditions (lung and gas volumes are expressed as BTPS and STPD respectively). Measurements were made at 6 m/s at walk (duration: 5 minutes), 3.4 m/s at trot (duration: 5 minutes), 8 m/s at canter (duration: 1 minute) and 10 m/s with 4% slope incline at gallop (duration: 1 minute) and 5 minutes after recovery [1].

    Value

    Unit

    Rest

    Walk

    Slow Trot

    Canter

    Fast Gallop

    Recover 5'

     O2

    ml/kg/min

    4.7

    20.2

    25.5

    85.1

    142.5

    27.7

     CO2

    ml/kg/min

    3.8

    17.0

    23.4

    80.9

    146.8

    29.8

    R

    -

    0.82

    0.85

    0.92

    0.95

    1.03

    1.07

    Venous PO2

    mmHg

    39

    32

    30

    25

    16

    62

    Venous PCO2

    mmHg

    47

    49

    50

    64

    96

    43

    HCO3-

    mmol/liter

    28.8

    28.9

    27.5

    26.6

    23.0

    19.2

    Arterial PO2

    mmHg

    95

    101

    99

    83

    69

    115

    Arterial PCO2

    mmHg

    45

    44

    43

    46

    50

    32

    (A-a) ΔO2

    mmHg

    4

    2

    4

    16

    29

    6

    pHa

    -

    7.39

    7.40

    7.40

    7.39

    7.26

    7.36

    PCV

    %

    38

    42

    44

    48

    58

    56

    Hb

    G/liter

    140

    150

    160

    175

    220

    220

    Arterial SO2

    %

    97

    97.5

    97

    95

    90

    98.5

    Arterial CO2

    liter%

    20

    22

    22

    25

    28

    33

    Venous CO2

    liter%

    14

    11

    11

    7

    5

    21

    C(a-v)O2

    liter%

    6

    11

    11

    18

    23

    12

    Alveolar PO2

    mmHg

    99

    103

    103

    99

    98

    121

    Alveolar PCO2

    mmHg

    44

    43

    42

    45

    49

    31

    FmeO2

    %

    16.2

    17.0

    17.7

    14.9

    14.3

    18.4

    FmeCO2

    %

    2.6

    2.6

    2.5

    4.6

    5.4

    2.1

    FetO2

    %

    14.0

    14.5

    14.5

    13.9

    13.9

    17.2

    FetCO2

    %

    6.3

    6.1

    6.0

    6.4

    7.0

    4.5

     O2: oxygen uptake;  CO2: carbon dioxide output; R: respiratory exchange ratio; venous PO2: venous oxygen partial pressure; venous PCO2: venous carbon dioxide partial pressure; arterial PO2: arterial oxygen partial pressure; arterial PCO2: arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure; HCO3-: bicarbonate content; [A-a] ΔO2: alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient; pHa: arterial pH; PCV: packed cell volume; Hb: blood hemoglobin concentration; arterial SO2: percent saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen; arterial CO2: arterial oxygen content; venous CO2: venous oxygen content; C(a-v)O2: arteriovenous oxygen content gradient; alveolar PO2: alveolar oxygen partial pressure; alveolar PCO2: alveolar carbon dioxide partial pressure; FmeO2: mixed expired oxygen fraction; FmeCO2: mixed expired carbon dioxide fraction; FetO2: end-tidal oxygen fraction; FetCO2: end-tidal carbon dioxide fraction.

    3.2. Normal Values of Arterial Blood Gases in Foals

    Values measured from birth until 1 week (expressed as mean ± SEM)

    Gestational Age/Status

    Postnatal Age

    Position

    pH

    PaCO2 mmHg

    PaO2 mmHg

    HCO3

      n  

    Ref

    Normal

    3 - 168 hr

    Lateral

    7.354 ± 0.011

    47.5 ± 2.6

    80.0 ± 3.8

     

    10

    [5]

    Normal

    1 - 12 hr

    12 - 48 hr

    48 - 168 hr

    Lateral

    7.378 ± 0.015

    3.374 ± 0.004

    7.384 ± 0.014

    42.2 ± 1.8

    44.5 ± 1.2

    42.4 ± 1.0

    77.3 ± 3.1

    83.2 ± 3.1

    88.2 ± 5.9

     

    6

    6

    5

    [6]

    Normal

    4 - 11 hr

    Lateral

    7.367 ± 0.10

    39.5 ± 1.8

    83.8 ± 6.3

     

    5

    [7]

    Normal

    24 hr

    24 hr

    48 hr

    48 hr

    72 hr

    72 hr

    144 hr

    144 hr

    Standing

    Lateral

    Standing

    Lateral

    Standing

    Lateral

    Standing

    Lateral

    7.41 ± 0.03

    7.38 ± 0.05

    7.40 ± 0.03

    7.37 ± 0.00

    7.39 ± 0.07

    7.44 ± 0.14

    7.42 ± 0.03

    7.41 ± 0.03

    45.2 ± 2.5

    48.1 ± 3.8

    47.5 ± 3.7

    49.5 ± 2.8

    49.6 ± 1.5

    51.6 ± 7.2

    47.3 ± 2.3

    46.9 ± 2.1

    84.6 ± 6.9

    72.69 ± 14.2

    106.6 ± 3.9

    89.6 ± 12.7

    104.5 ± 4.8

    94.1 ± 4.3

    98.8 ± 4.8

    84.2 ± 6.9

     

    3

    3

    3

    3

    5

    5

    5

    5

    [8]

    Premature

    0.5 - 11 hr

    Lateral

    7.208 ± 0.48

    55.3 ± 3.6

    53.7 ± 1.5

     

    7

    [6]

    Term

    Birth

    2 min

    15 min

    30 min

    60 min

    2 hr

    4 hr

    12 hr

    24 hr

    48 hr

    96 hr

    Lateral

    Lateral

    Lateral

    Lateral

    Lateral

    Lateral

    Lateral

    Lateral

    Lateral

    Lateral

    Lateral

    7.413 ± 0.019

    7.312 ± 0.016

    7.322 ± 0.025

    7.354 ± 0.010

    7.362 ± 0.013

    7.362 ± 0.012

    7.355 ± 0.017

    7.357 ± 0.024

    7.393 ± 0.012

    7.398 ± 0.008

    7.396 ± 0.012

    45.7 ± 1.1

    54.1 ± 2.0

    50.4 ± 2.7

    51.5 ± 1.5

    47.3 ± 2.2

    47.7 ± 1.7

    45.0 ± 1.9

    44.3 ± 1.2

    45.5 ± 1.5

    46.1 ± 1.1

    45.8 ± 1.1

    39.7 ± 2.1

    56.4 ± 2.3

    57.5 ± 3.6

    57.0 ± 1.8

    60.9 ± 2.7

    66.5 ± 2.3

    75.7 ± 4.9

    73.5 ± 3.0

    67.6 ± 4.4

    74.9 ± 3.3

    81.2 ± 3.1

    26.3 ± 1.1

    24.0 ± 1.2

    24.4 ± 1.6

    25.3 ± 0.7

    25.3 ± 1.0

    25.0 ± 0.9

    23.6 ± 1.1

    23.2 ± 1.3

    26.2 ± 1.1

    25.7 ± 0.6

    23.2 ± 2.1

    8

    10

    9

    10

    9

    8

    10

    10

    9

    8

    8

    [9]

    4. Pulmonary Hemodynamics

    Mean ventilation values in healthy Thoroughbred horses are considered average for their quality, fitness, age (5 years), and size (mean body weight 470 kg) and running on a treadmill under temperature climatic conditions (lung and gas volumes are expressed as BTPS and STPD respectively). Measurements were made at 6 m/s at walk (duration: 5 minutes), 3.4 m/s at trot (duration: 5 minutes), 8 m/s at canter (duration: 1 minute) and 10 m/s with 4% slope incline at gallop (duration: 1 minute) and 5 minutes after recovery [1].

    Value

    Unit

    Rest

    Walk

    Slow Trot

    Canter

    Fast Gallop

    Recover 5'

    HR

    beats/min

    35

    75

    103

    155

    210

    83

    SV

    liters

    1.05

    1.07

    1.12

    1.39

    1.36

    1.32

    Q

    liters/min

    37

    80

    115

    215

    285

    110

    PaPmax

    mmHg

    37

    69

    78

    99

    152

    53

    PaPmin

    mmHg

    22

    30

    39

    47

    50

    26

    PaPm

    mmHg

    28

    43

    52

    65

    82

    35

    Pw

    mmHg

    16

    25

    30

    37

    49

    20

    P (aP-w)

    mmHg

    12

    18

    22

    28

    33

    15

    PVR

    mmHg/liter/min

    0.32

    0.22

    0.19

    0.13

    0.11

    0.14

    T°a

    °C

    37.5

    37.9

    38.1

    38.7

    41.3

    39.7

     O2/HR

    ml/kg/beat

    0.06

    0.25

    0.25

    0.55

    0.68

    0.34

     A/Q

    liters/liter

    0.84

    1.98

    2.11

    3.48

    4.48

    3.00

    HR: heart rate; SV: stroke volume; Q: cardiac output; PaPmax: maximal pulmonary artery pressure; PaPmin: minimal pulmonary artery pressure; PaPm: mean pulmonary artery pressure; Pw: pulmonary artery wedge pressure; P(aP-w): pulmonary driving pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; T°a: arterial blood temperature;  O2/HR: oxygen pulse;  A/Q: global ventilation/perfusion ratio.

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    References

    1. Lekeux P, Art T. The respiratory system: anatomy, physiology, and adaptations to exercise and training. In: Hodgson DR, Rose RJ. Eds. The athletic horse: principles and practice of equine sports medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1994, pp 79-127. - Available from amazon.com -

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    How to reference this publication (Harvard system)?

    van Erck, E., Art, T. and Lekeux, P. (2005) “Normal Respiratory Values”, Equine Respiratory Diseases. Available at: https://www.ivis.org/library/equine-respiratory-diseases/normal-respiratory-values (Accessed: 01 October 2023).

    Affiliation of the authors at the time of publication

    Department of Physiology and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.

    Author(s)

    • van Erckc Westergren Emmanuelle

      van Erck E.

      Veterinarian
      DVM PhD Dipl ECEIM
      ESMP - Equine Sports Medicine Practice,
      Read more about this author
    • Tatiana Art

      Art T.

      Associated Professor
      DVM PhD Dipl ECEIM
      Department of Physiology and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, University of Liège
      Read more about this author
    • Pierre Lekeux

      Lekeux P.

      Professor
      DVM PhD Dipl ECVPT
      Department of Physiology and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège
      Read more about this author

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