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Equine Respiratory Diseases - Lekeux P.
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Doses of Common Drugs

Author(s):
van Erck E. and
Lekeux P.
In: Equine Respiratory Diseases by Lekeux P.
Updated:
MAR 02, 2005
Languages:
  • EN
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    Read

    Table of Contents

    Preliminary Remarks
    Glossary
    Antibiotics
    Bronchodilators
    Corticosteroids
    NSAID
    Mucolytic Agents
    Immunomodulators
    Mast Cell Stabilizing Drugs
    Anthelmintics
    Antifungal Agents
    Others
    Local Anesthetics

    Important Preliminary Remarks!

    The list of drugs and directions for use and dosage have been compiled on the basis of information provided in the scientific literature. As such, some drugs have not been validated according to quality, safety, and effectiveness criteria necessary for drug approval and commercialization. This list of drugs does not take into account national or community laws, regulations or policies regarding the use and commercialization of a series of substances and some drugs cited have not received legal approval (for instance, the substances listed in the annex IV of the European regulation 2377/90 EC, the use of metronidazole is forbidden in all horses according to the European directive 2004/28 EC). Local doping rules and restrictions as well as minimum withdrawal periods should also be checked.

    The authors decline all responsibility in the event of an incident. The veterinary practitioner engages his full responsibility.

    Treatments are listed by category of action.
    Inhalation treatments generally require a metered-dose inhalant system. Aerosol delivery systems can significantly affect both topical and systemic activity of inhaled drugs: Commercially available devices adapted to the equine species are:

    • The Equine Aeromask tm that has a facial mask and built-in spacer: Studies have shown that with a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellant, 6% of actuated drug is effectively and homogeneously distributed to the lungs, and 14% of actuated drug if an hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellant is used;
    • The Equine Aerosol Drug Delivery System (EADDS; 3M Animal Care Products, St Paul, MN, USA) is a hand-held device composed of a spacer morphologically adapted to the left nostril: 23 - 46% of the drug is uniformly distributed to the lower airway tract. The canister is encased in the device and to this day, only albuterol sulfate canisters are commercialized (Torpex® Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany);
    • The Equine Haler (Equine Healthcare, APS, Hillerod, Denmark) is a spacer device with a nasal mask adapted to the left nostril: 8.2 ± 5.2% of actuated dose is effectively delivered uniformly to the lung.

    Aerosol deposition also depends on correct patency of airways and in cases of severe airway obstruction (e.g., heaves), adequate aerosol distribution to the lower airways is compromised.

    For further information, see Aerosol Therapy, P. Lekeux and D.H. Duvivier. In: Equine Respiratory Diseases, Lekeux P. (Ed.) International Veterinary Information Service, Ithaca NY (www.ivis.org), 2001; B0331.1101.

    Glossary

    PO = Per os (oral) administration
    SC = Subcutaneous administration
    IM = Intramuscular administration
    IV = Intravenous administration
    q24h = Administration every 24 hours (once daily)
    q12h = Administration every 12 hours (twice daily)
    q8h = Administration every 8 hours (three times daily)
    q6h = Administration every 6 hours (four times daily)

    Puff = Delivery of one metered dose (inhalations)
    AHSA = American Horse Shows Association
    BALF = Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
    DPI = Dry Powder Inhalation
    EIPH = Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage
    FEI = Fédération Equestre Internationale
    IAD = Inflammatory Airway Disease
    MIC = Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

    Antibiotics

    Drug

    Trade

    Name

    Dose

    Route

    Pharmaco-

    kinetics

    Side

    Effects

    Comments

    Ref

    Penicillin Compounds

    Ampicillin

     

    6.6 mg/kg q12h

    IM

     

     

    Efficient against

    S. zooepidemicus

     

    11 mg/kg q8h

    IM

     

    Ampicillin

     

     

     

    Well absorbed PO by neonate foals

    Can alter intestinal flora

     

     

    Amoxycillin

     

    20 - 30 mg/kg

    PO

    Serum concentrations maintained for 5 - 6 hours

    Can alter intestinal flora and induce diarrhea in foals

     

     

    Amoxicillin + Clavulanate

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Penicillin sodium

     

    22 000 IU/kg q6h

    IV, IM or SC

     

    Salts can have cardio-
    depressant effects

    Bactericidal, Gram +, Anaerobic coverage.

    Recommended against Streptococci(Strangles, Pneumonia)

     

    Procaine Penicillin G

     

    22 000 IU/kg q12h

    IM

    or SC

     

     

    Anaerobic coverage

     

    Cephalosporins

    Ceftiofur
    (third-generation
    cephalosporin)

    Naxcel®

    (Pfizer)

    2 mg/kg q24h

    IM

    Needs to be refrigerated when reconstituted as its loss of potency is attained after 12 hours at room temperature

    Possible local reactions

    Efficient against S. zooepidemicus, Pasteurella sp., Actinobacillus. Doses can be increased if bacteria have a high MIC (Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter)

    [1,
    2
    ]

    Excenel®

    (Pfizer)

    2 mg/kg q12h in neonate foals (2-7 days old)

    IM

    Aminoglycosides

    Gentamicin

     

    6.6 mg/kg

    q24h

    IV

    Does not cross blood/brain barrier

    Nephrotoxicity

     

    [3]

    Gentocin®

    (Schering

    Plough)

    50 mg/ml

    Nebuli-

    zation

    12 times greater concentration in BALF with aerosol delivery than with IV administration

    Mild inflammatory cell response in BALF

    Bactericidal

    Concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity

    Kanamycin

     

    7.5 mg/kg q8h

    IV

    or IM

     

    More expensive than gentamicin

     

     

    Amikacin

     

    4.4 - 6.6 mg/kg

    q8-12h or

    21 mg/kg q24h

    IV

    or IM

     

    Less nephrotoxic than gentamicin

    Less resistance of gram- strains in comparison to gentamicin

    [4,
    5
    ]

    Trimethoprim-Sulfonamide

    Borgal®
    (Intervet)

    Duoprim®
    (Schering Plough)
    Tribrissen®
    Oral Paste
    (Schering Plough)
    Tribrissen 48%
    (Schering-Plough)
    Duphatroxim®
    (Fort Dodge)
    Trisuprime®
    (Bayer)

    12.5 - 30 mg/g q12h.

    Often dosed 5/1

    Sulfa/trimethoprim

    PO

    IM

    IV

    SC

    Should be administered 30 minutes prior to feeding (best absorbed)

    Can cause diarrhea

    Bactericidal

    Certain strains of S. zooepidemicus are resistant

     

    Macrolides

    Erythromycin

     

    25 mg/kg q12h

    Treatment duration: 4 - 6 weeks in cases of R. equi

    PO

     

    Can cause diarrhea

    Used to treat Rhodococcus equi. Can be used in association with rifampin

    [6]

    Rifampin

     

    3 - 5 mg/kg q12h

    PO

     

    Should not be used alone as microbial resistance can develop rapidly

     

     

    Metronidazole

     

    15 mg/kg q6 - 8h

    PO

     

    Effects on CNS (depression, circling, head tilting)

    Anaerobic coverage. Cannot be used in food animals

    [7]

    Chloramphenicol

     

    55 mg/kg q6h

    PO

    Half life is too brief to allow effective plasma concentrations when administered IV

    IM injections cause pain and are contra-indicated in horses

    Gram + and - anaerobic coverage. Should be manipulated with care as cases of fatal aplastic anemia have been reported in man. Cannot be used in food animals

    [8,
    9
    ]

    Tetracyclines

    Oxytetracycline

     

    6.6 mg/kg

    q12 - 24h

    IV

     

     

     

     

    Doxycycline

     

    10 mg/kg q12h

    PO

     

    IV administration reported to cause fatal diarrhea

     

    [10]

    Fluoroquinolones

    Enrofloxacin

    Baytril®

    (Bayer)

    2.5 - 5 mg/kg q12h

    PO

    or IV

     

    Reports of arthropathy and possible cartilage damage in young horses (< 4 years)

    Has not been approved for use in equine species

    [11,
    12
    ]

    Marbofloxacin

    Marbocyl®

    (Vetoquinol)

    2 mg/kg q24h

    IV,

    SC

    or PO

    Concentration-dependent anti-Gram - activity

    Time-dependent anti-Gram + activity

    ~100% bioavailability by SC administration, 62% by oral administration

    Should be given prior to feeding

    [13]

    Bronchodilators

    Drug

    Trade

    Name

    Dose

    Route

    Pharmaco-

    kinetics

    Side

    Effects

    Comments

    Ref

    Anticholinergic Agents

    Atropine

     

    0.01 - 0.02 mg/kg

    single dose

    IV

     

    Bradyarrhythmias, excitement, gut stasis

    Single dose induces bronchodilation within 15 mins in heavey horses

    [14,
    15
    ]

    Glycopyrrolate

    Robinul-V®

    0.007 mg/kg

    single dose

    IV

    Does not cross blood/brain barrier

    Bradyarrhythmias, excitement, gut stasis

     

     

    1 - 1.5 mg/horse

    q12h

    inhalation

    Effects on respiratory mechanics 15 minutes after inhalation. Effect lasts at least 60 minutes

    None reported. Absence of tachycardia in treated horses

     

    [16]

    Ipratropium bromide

    Atrovent®

    100 - 360 ug q6h

    (5 - 18 puffs)

    Inhalation

     

    None reported

    Must be delivered using a metered-dose inhalant system

     

     

    2 - 3 ug/kg

    Nebulization

    Effect lasts 4 - 6 hours

     

    Dose dependent effect

    [17]

     

    2.5 - 5 ug/kg

    DPI

    Onset of effect within 15 minutes

     

    Delivered with a DPI mask

    [18,
    19
    ]

    Beta 2-Adrenergic Agonists

    Albuterol sulfate

    Torpex® (+3M device)

    360 - 720 ug

    q 6h

    Inhalation

    Onset of effect: 5 minutes

    Effect lasts 30 minutes to 3 hours

     

     

    [20,
    21
    ]

    Clenbuterol

    Ventipulmin® (Boehringer Ingelheim)

    0.7 - 0.8 ug/kg q12h

    PO

    Increase dose by 25% if no response after 3 days. Maximal dose: 0.32 ug/kg

    Low intensity sweating, muscle tremor, and/or nervousness at higher doses. Effects on cardiac contraction. Can cause abortion in pregnant mares.

    Differences in individual response according to severity of clinical signs.

    [22,
    23
    ]

    IV, IM, Nebulization

    Excitement, tachycardia, sweating, muscle tremors after IV injection.

    Improves mucociliary clearance

    [24]

    Fenoterol

    Berotec®

    0.9 - 2 mg

    Inhalation

    Rapid onset of effect (< 5 mins)

     

    Improves respiratory mechanical parameters

    [25,
    26
    ]

    Terbutaline

    Brethine®

    2 - 4 mg (10 - 20 puffs)

    Inhalation

    Nebulization

    Low bioavailability if given PO (100 ug/kg)

    Causes tachycardia, CNS stimulation, hyperventilation and lethargy after IV injection (10 ug/kg)

     

    [27,
    28
    ]

    Isoproterenol

     

    0.1 - 0.2 mg/ horse

    (until heart rate doubles)

    IV

     

     

     

    [15]

    Pirbuterol

    Maxair®

    1.2 - 2.4 ug/kg

    Inhalation

    Onset of effect: 5 minutes

    Effect lasts at least 7 hours

    Causes agitation, tremors sweating and tachycardia, at doses exceeding 6 ug/kg

     

    [29,
    30
    ]

    Salmeterol

    Serevent®

    0.5 - 1 ug/kg

    Inhalation

    Onset of effect: 5 minutes

    Duration of effect: 6 - 8 hours

    Maximal effect: 30 - 60 minutes

     

     

    [31]

    Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors (Methylxanthine Derivatives)

    Theophylline

     

    1 - 5 mg/ kg q12h

    PO

    Narrow therapeutic margin

    Toxic interaction with erythromycin

    Causes tachycardia, increase in lactatemia and hyperoxia

    [32]

    20 mg/kg then 15 mg/kg q24h

    PO

    Narrow therapeutic margin

    Toxic interaction with erythromycin

     

    [33]

    Aminophylline

    (Soluble salt of theophylline)

    9 - 15 mg/kg diluted in 1L of fluids delivered over 20 - 60 mins q12h or q8h

    IV

    Narrow therapeutic margin

    Toxic interaction with erythromycin

    Dose-related tachycardia, polypnoea and nervous symptoms (tactile, visual and auditory hypersensitivity, muscle tremor, sweating)

    [15], [34-
    36
    ]

     

    5 mg/kg q12h

    PO

     

     

     

    [37]

    Pentoxifylline

     

    16 g per horse (~36 mg/kg) q12h

    PO

    Poor absorption by gastro-intestinal tract

    None reported

    14 days administration improved respiratory mechanics at day 8, but had effect on BALF cytology

    [38]

    Alpha 2-Adrenergic Agonist

    Xylazine hydrochloride

     

    0.5 mg/kg single dose

    IV

     

    Bronchodilating effects are offset by an increase in respiratory resistance due to upper airway relaxation

    Other alpha-2 adrenergic agonists have similar effects

    [39]

    Corticosteroids

    Drug

    Trade

    Name

    Dose

    Route

    Pharmaco-

    kinetics

    Side

    Effects

    Comments

    Ref

    Dexamethasone

     

    0.08 - 0.164 mg/kg q24h

    PO

    50% biodisponibility when given PO. Effective within 6 hours, peak effect at 24 hours

     

    Longer effect when given PO in comparison to IV. Feeding decreases bioavailability

    [40,
    41
    ]

    Azium® (Schering-Plough)

    0.04 - 0.1 mg/kg q24h

    IM, IV

    Improvement of lung function at 2 hours (IV), with a peak effect at 4 - 6 hours. Dose should be gradually decreased to minimum necessary

     

    Improves clinical signs, airway function and BALF cytology in heaves-affected horses in 3 - 7 days.

    [41-
    44
    ]

    Dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate

    Voren® (Boehringer Ingelheim)

    0.04 - 0.06 mg/kg, q3 days

    IM

    Long acting form of dexamethasone

     

    Improves clinical signs and airway function in heaves-affected horses in 3 - 7 days. After 10 days of treatment, BALF cytology is not improved.

    [41,
    42
    ]

    Prednisone

     

    1 mg/kg q12h for 1 week, decrease by 25% each week

    PO

    Very low biodisponibility

     

    Ineffective for the treatment of pulmonary inflammation

    [41,
    42
    ,
    45-
    47
    ]

    2.2 mg/kg q24h

    PO

    Well absorbed by gastro-intestinal system

     

    [41]

    Fluticasone

    Flovent® (Glaxo-
    Wellcome)

    2 - 4 ug/kg q12h or

    2 mg/horse q12h

    Inhalation

    Serum cortisol concentrations return to pretreatment values within a 2 day wash-out period.

     

    Must be delivered using a metered-dose inhalant system. A 21 days treatment improves clinical signs, airway function and BALF cytology in heaves-affected horses in 3 - 7 days.

    [41,
    48-
    50
    ]

    Beclomethasone

     

    1.32 - 5 mg/horse q12h during 7 to 14 days

    Inhalation

    Adrenal suppression occurs at a dose of 528 ug/horse q12h but is restored after a 2 day wash-out period.

    None reported although systemic absorption occurs through respiratory and gastro-intestinal tracts.

    Improvement not detected before 24 - 72 h. Less effective than PO dexamethasone. Must be delivered using a metered-dose inhalant system

    [51-
    54
    ]

    Beclovent®

    1 - 3 ug/kg (12 - 15 puffs) q12h

    Inhalation

    (EADDS®)

     

     

    Must be delivered using a metered-dose inhalant system

    [49]

    Vanceril® (Schering-Plough)

     

    Inhalation

     

     

    Must be delivered using a metered-dose inhalant system

    [41]

    Beclazone 250 inhaler®

    500 ug/horse q12h

    Inhalation

     

     

    Treatment of SPAOD in a laminitis-prone horse. Must be delivered using a metered-dose inhalant system

    [55]

    Triamcinolone

    Vetalog®

    0.04 - 0,09 mg/kg

    single dose

    IM

    Adrenal suppression maintained after 3 weeks of administration

    Laminitis

    A single dose improves heaves symptoms for up to 3 weeks

    [56]

    Budesonide

    Pulmicort®

    800 ug q12h

     

     

     

     

    [57]

    Flunisolide

     

     

     

     

     

    Safety and efficacy has not been evaluated in horses

     

    Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID). Indicated for symptomatic treatment of fever and pain in diseases such as respiratory viral diseases, strangles, etc.

    Drug

    Trade

    Name

    Dose

    Route

    Pharmacokinetics

    Side

    Effects

    Comments

    Ref

    Phenylbutazone

     

    3 - 4.4 mg/kg q12 - 24h

    IV, PO

     

     

    Inefficient against heaves or IAD

     

    Flunixine Meglumine

    Banamine® Binixine®

    1.1 mg/kg q12 - 24h

    IM, PO

     

     

    Inefficient against heaves or IAD

     

    1.1 mg/kg q12h

    IV

     

    Ketoprofen

    Ketofen® Anaphen®

    2.2 mg/ kg q12h

    IV, IM

     

     

     

     

    Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)

     

    100 ml mixed with 200 ml glycerin and 200 ml propylene glycol

    Topical

     

     

    Local treatment of upper airway inflammatory conditions (pharyngitis, epiglottic ulceration,…)

    [58]

    Sodium hyaluronate

    Hyonate® (Bayer)

    40 mg/ horse, two injections at 7 days interval

    IV

     

     

    Decreases BALF neutrophils in horses in remission from RAO. Possible antioxidant properties

    [59]

    Mucolytic Agents

    Drug

    Trade

    Name

    Dose

    Route

    Pharmacokinetics

    Side

    Effects

    Comments

    Ref

    Acetylcysteine

     

    2 g q12h

    PO

     

     

     

     

    Mucomyst® (Bristol)

    20 - 60 ml of a 20% solution

    Topical

    Guttural pouch lavage in cases of empyema

    [60]

    Dembrexine

    Sputolysin® Sputolosin®

    (Boehringer Ingelheim)

    0.33 mg/kg q12h

    PO

     

     

    Antitussive properties. Cannot be used in food animals

    [61]

    Bromhexine

    Bisolvon®

    60 mg/kg

    PO

     

     

     

    [62]

    Immunomodulators

    Drug

    Trade

    Name

    Dose

    Route

    Pharmacokinetics

    Side

    Effects

    Comments

    Ref

    Propionibacterium acnes

    Eqstim® (Immunovet Inc.)

    3 doses administered every 2 to 3 days

    IV

     

    Fever, anorexia, lethargy within 12 - 24 hours after first doses

    Increases peripheral WBC.

    Decreases BALF cytologic counts including lymphocyte and macrophage populations

    [63-
    65
    ]

    Purified mycobacterial cell wall extract

    Equimune® IV, Vetripharm Inc.

    1.5 ml repeated in 1 to 3 weeks

    IV

     

    Pulmonary lesions reported in 5 horses (granulomatous pulmonary fibrosis pneumonitis, bronchiolitis)

     

    [66,
    67
    ]

    Inactivated parapoxvirus

    Baypamune®, Bayer

    460 IU q8h at 48 h interval

    IM

     

     

    Delivery according to the predicted delay of highest infectious pressure.

    1 week= IM injections at Day 0, Day 2 and Day 4

    2 weeks= IM injections at Day 0, Day 2 and Day 9

     

    Interferon alpha

     

     

     

     

     

    Recommended for the treatment of IAD.

    No effect on severity of clinical signs or duration of viral shedding in experimentally induced EHV-1 infection

    [68-
    71
    ]

    Interferon Alpha 2a recombinant

    Roferon-A®

    50 - 150 IU q24h for 5 days

    PO

     

     

    Recombinant is less effective than the natural interferon

     

    Interferon Alpha n3 recombinant

    Alferone®

    50 - 150 IU q24h for 5 days

    PO

     

     

     

     

    Interferon Alpha 26 recombinant

    Intron A®

    50 - 150 IU q24h for 5 days

    PO

     

     

     

     

    Mast Cell Stabilizing Drugs

    Drug

    Trade

    Name

    Dose

    Route

    Pharmacokinetics

    Side

    Effects

    Comments

    Ref

    Cromolyn sodium

    Intal® (Rhone-Poulenc-Rorer)

    200 mg q12h

    Nebulization

     

     

    Prophylactic effect only on mast cell degranulation

    [72,
    73
    ]

    Disodium cromoglycate

    Intal®

    80 mg q12h 1st week, then q24h

    Nebulization

    Delayed action

     

    Prophylactic effect only on mast cell degranulation

     

    Nedocromil

    Tilade®

    80 mg q12h 1st week, then q24h

    Nebulization

     

     

    Prophylactic effect only on mast cell degranulation

     

    Anthelmintics

    Drug

    Trade

    Name

    Dose

    Route

    Pharmacokinetics

    Side

    Effects

    Comments

    Ref

    Mebendazole

     

    10 mg/kg q24h

    PO

     

     

    Efficient against P. equorum(adults) and S. vulgaris(adults)

     

    20 mg/kg q24h for 5 days

    PO

    Efficient against D. arnfieldi

    Fenbendazole

    Panacur® (Hoechst-Roussel)

    10 mg/kg q24h for 5 days

    PO

     

     

    Efficient against adults and larvae of P. equorum and S. vulgaris

     

    Thiabendazole

     

    88 mg/kg

    PO

     

     

    Efficient against P. equorum

     

    Albendazole

     

    25 mg/kg q12h

    for 5 days or

    50 mg/kg q12h

    for 2 days

    PO

     

     

     

     

    4 - 8 mg/kg q12h for 1 month

    PO

    Treatment of hydatid cysts caused by Echinococcus granulosus

    Ivermectin

    Eqvalan®

    200 ug/kg

    PO

     

     

    Efficient against P. equorum(adults) and S. vulgaris(adults and larvae) and D. arnfieldi

     

    Antifungal Agents

    Drug

    Trade

    Name

    Dose

    Route

    Pharmacokinetics

    Side

    Effects

    Comments

    Ref

    Potassium iodide

     

    10 - 15 g q24h for a 450 kg horse

    5 - 10 g q24h for a pony

    for 30 - 60 day

    PO

     

    Treatment should be stopped with signs of iodism (lacrimation, coughing, scurfy coat with hair loss). Contraindicated in pregnant mares and in very young foals.

     

    Enilconazole

     

    33.3 mg/ml solution

    Topical

     

     

    Indicated for treatment of guttural pouch mycosis

    [9,
    74]

    Miconazole

     

    10 mg/kg in 250 ml of saline q24h

    Topical

     

     

    Indicated for treatment of guttural pouch mycosis

    [9,
    74]

    Itraconazole

     

    5 mg/kg q24h

    PO

     

     

    Reported as systemic therapy of guttural pouch mycosis

    [74]

    Nystatin

     

     

    Topical

     

     

    Treats mycotic rhinitis (Aspergillosis) or guttural pouch mycosis

    [75,
    76
    ]

    Natamycin

     

     

    Topical

     

     

    Treats mycotic rhinitis (Aspergillosis)

    [76]

    Amphotericin B

     

    0.3 mg/kg day 1, dose increased by 0.1 mg/kg on each subsequent day, for at least 21 - 35 days

    IV

     

    Very nephrotoxic

    Mycotic rhinitis, fungal pneumonia

    [77,
    78
    ]

    Others

    Drug

    Trade

    Name

    Dose

    Route

    Pharmacokinetics

    Side

    Effects

    Comments

    Ref

    Furosemide(diuretic)

    Lasix®

    1.0 mg/kg

    Inhalation,

    IV

     

    Kaliuresis

    Bronchodilator

    Reduces acute pulmonary edema

    [9,
    79]

    0.5 mg/kg 30 minutes to 4 hours prior to racing

    IV

     

     

    Used to prevent or reduce severity of EIPH. Prohibited by FEI, the AHSA and most non-American racing rules

    [80-
    83
    ]

    Nasal strips

    Flair® Equine Nasal strips

     

     

     

     

    Reduces EIPH severity

    [83]

    Respiratory Analeptics

    Doxapram

     

    0.3 - 1 mg/kg

    IV

    Half life: 2 - 3 hours

    Increases heart rate and cardiac output

    Causes transient hyperventilation (approximately 5 minutes)

    [84-
    87
    ]

    Topical lavage solution

     

    0.05% to 5% povidone-iodine solution q12 - 24h for 5 - 10 days

    Topical

     

     

    Sinus, guttural pouch lavage

     

    Local Anesthetics

    Drug

    Trade

    Name

    Dose

    Route

    Pharmacokinetics

    Side

    Effects

    Comments

    Ref

    Lidocaine

     

    15 - 20 ml of a 4% solution

    Topical

     

     

    Local pharyngeal, tracheal or bronchial anesthesia, for instance during endoscopic examination

     

    Xylazine

     

    5% solution

    Topical

     

     

    Local pharyngeal, tracheal or bronchial anesthesia, for instance during endoscopic examination

     

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    References

    1. Meyer JC, Brown MP, Gronwall RR, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium in neonatal foals after intramuscular injection. Equine Vet J 1992; 24(6): 485-486.

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    About

    How to reference this publication (Harvard system)?

    van Erck, E. and Lekeux, P. (2005) “Doses of Common Drugs”, Equine Respiratory Diseases. Available at: https://www.ivis.org/library/equine-respiratory-diseases/doses-of-common-drugs (Accessed: 01 October 2023).

    Affiliation of the authors at the time of publication

    Department of Physiology and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.

    Author(s)

    • van Erckc Westergren Emmanuelle

      van Erck E.

      Veterinarian
      DVM PhD Dipl ECEIM
      ESMP - Equine Sports Medicine Practice,
      Read more about this author
    • Pierre Lekeux

      Lekeux P.

      Professor
      DVM PhD Dipl ECVPT
      Department of Physiology and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège
      Read more about this author

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