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Encyclopedia of Canine Clinical Nutrition
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Epidemiology

Author(s):
Freeman L.M. and
Rush J.
In: Encyclopedia of Canine Clinical Nutrition by Pibot P. et al.
Updated:
JUL 02, 2008
Languages:
  • DE
  • EN
  • ES
  • FR
  • IT
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    Many scientific advances have improved our knowledge of cardiac disease and congestive heart failure (CHF) in dogs. In addition to new cardiac medications, recent advances have improved our understanding of nutritional interventions and nutritional pharmacology. Cardiovascular disease is still one of the most common life-threatening disorders in dogs. Most canine cardiac diseases cannot be cured and the disease process is typically progressive, leading to advanced CHF or lethal cardiac arrhythmias. Nutritional interventions for cardiac disease remain one of the mainstays of therapy and one of the more exciting avenues for further scientific investigation.

    Lisa M. FREEMAN
    DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVN

    Lisa Freeman graduated from Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University with a Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine in 1991. After completing an internship in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, she completed a residency in Small Animal Clinical Nutrition at the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University. She was awarded a PhD in Nutrition by the Tufts University School of Nutrition for her work on cytokines, body composition, and the effect of fish oil supplementation in canine dilated cardiomyopathy. Lisa Freeman received board certification by the American College of Veterinary Nutrition in 1997. She is currently an Associate Professor and Clinical Nutritionist at the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University. Her research interests include nutritional modulation of cardiac disease and critical care nutrition.

    John E. RUSH
    DVM, MS, Dipl ACVIM (Cardiology), Dipl ACVECC

    John Rush graduated from The Ohio State University School of Veterinary Medicine with a Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine and a Masters degree in Veterinary Physiology in 1984. After completing an internship in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery at the Animal Medical Center in New York City, he completed a residency in Small Animal Cardiology and Internal Medicine at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Dr. Rush was board certified by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, in the specialty of Cardiology, in 1988. He joined the faculty at the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University in 1989, and achieved board certification by the American College of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care in 1993. He served as Section Head and residency director for the Emergency and Critical Care Section until 2003. Dr. Rush is currently a Professor and Associate Chair for the Clinical Sciences Department at the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University.

    1. Epidemiology

    Many risk factors and clinical associations have been identified for cardiovascular disorders in dogs. Breed predispositions are recognized for most of the common cardiovascular diseases (Table 1). Many small to medium sized dog breeds are predisposed to acquired chronic valvular disease (CVD; endocardiosis), while dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and pericardial disease are the most common causes of congestive heart failure (CHF) in large breed dogs.

    Certain cardiovascular disorders are recognized to have a sex predisposition; for example, female dogs are predisposed to patent ductus arteriosus and male dogs are predisposed to CVD, idiopathic pericardial disease, and bacterial endocarditis.

    Dogs with renal or adrenal disease can develop systemic hypertension and this can predispose or contribute to existing cardiac disease.

    Table 1. Breed Predispositions for Various Cardiovascular Diseases

    (Compiled from Buchanan, 1992; Kittleson, 1998; Sisson, 2000b; and the computer database at Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University)

    Breed

    Cardiovascular Disease Predisposition

    Breed

    Cardiovascular Disease Predisposition

    Airedale Terrier

    PS

    Keeshond

    PDA, Tetralogy of Fallot, MVD

    Akita

    Pericardial disease

    Kerry Blue Terrier

    PDA

    Basset Hound

    PS

    Labrador Retriever

    TVD, PS, PDA, DCM, supraventricular tachycardia, pericardial disease

    Beagle

    PS, CVD

    Maltese

    PDA, CVD

    Bichon Frisé

    PDA, CVD

    Mastiff

    PS, MVD

    Boston Terrier

    CVD, HBT

    Miniature Pinscher

    CVD

    Boxer

    SAS, PS, ASD, Boxer cardiomyopathy, HBT, BE, vasovagal syncope

    Miniature Schnauzer

    PS, CVD, sick sinus syndrome

    Boykin Spaniel

    PS

    Newfoundland

    SAS, PS, DCM

    Bull Terrier

    MVD, acquired mitral and aortic fibrosis

    Old English Sheepdog

    DCM, atrial standstill

    Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

    CVD

    Papillon

    CVD

    Chihuahua

    PS, PDA, CVD

    Pomeranian

    PDA, sick sinus syndrome, CVD

    Chow Chow

    PS, CTD, VSD

    Poodle (miniature and toy)

    PDA, CVD

    Cocker Spaniel

    PDA, PS, CVD, DCM, sick sinus syndrome

    Portuguese Water Dog

    Juvenile DCM

    Collie

    PDA

    Rottweiler

    SAS, DCM, BE

    Dalmatian

    DCM

    Saint Bernard

    DCM

    Dachshund

    CVD

    Samoyed

    PS, ASD, SAS, VSD

    Doberman Pinscher

    ASD, DCM

    Scottish Deerhound

    DCM

    English Bulldog

    PS, SAS, VSD, MVD, Tetralogy of Fallot

    Scottish Terrier

    PS

    English Springer Spaniel

    VSD, PDA, atrial standstill

    Shetland Sheepdog

    PDA

    Fox Terrier

    PS, CVD

    Terrier breeds

    PS, CVD

    German Shepherd

    PDA, SAS, TVD, MVD, PRAA, juvenile ventricular arrhythmia, pericardial disease, DCM, BE

    Weimaraner

    TVD, peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia

    German Short-Haired Pointer

    SAS, HCM, pericardial disease, BE

    Welsh Corgi

    PDA

    Golden Retriever

    SAS, MVD, TVD, DCM, pericardial disease, BE

    West Highland White Terrier

    PS, VSD, sick sinus syndrome, CVD

    Great Dane

    MVD, TVD, SAS, PRAA, DCM

    Whippet

    CVD

    Irish Setter

    PRAA, PDA

    Yorkshire Terrier

    PDA, CVD

    Irish Wolfhound

    DCM, atrial fibrillation

     

     

    Key: ASD = Atrial septal defect, BE = Bacterial endocarditis, CTD = Cor triatriatum dexter, CVD = Chronic valvular disease, DCM = Dilated cardiomyopathy, HBT = Heart base tumor, HCM = Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, MVD = Mitral valve dysplasia PDA = Patent ductus arteriosus, PRAA = Persistent right aortic arch, PS = Pulmonic stenosis, SAS = Subaortic stenosis, TVD = tricuspid valve dysplasia, VSD = ventricular septal defect.

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    References

    1. Abel RM, Grimes JB, Alonso D et al. Adverse hemodynamic and ultrastructural changes in dog hearts subjected to protein-calorie malnutrition. Am Heart J 1979; 97:733-44. - PubMed -  

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    About

    How to reference this publication (Harvard system)?

    Freeman, L. M. and Rush, J. (2008) “Epidemiology”, Encyclopedia of Canine Clinical Nutrition. Available at: https://www.ivis.org/library/encyclopedia-of-canine-clinical-nutrition/epidemiology-1 (Accessed: 28 January 2023).

    Affiliation of the authors at the time of publication

    1,2Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, MA, USA.

    Author(s)

    • Freeman L.M.

      Professor
      DVM PhD Dipl ACVN
      Department of Clinical Sciences Nutrition, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University
      Read more about this author
    • Rush J.

      Professor & Associate Chair for the Clinical Sciences
      DVM MS Dipl ACVIM (Cardiology) Dipl ACVECC
      Deparetemnt of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University
      Read more about this author

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    © All text and images in this publication are copyright protected and cannot be reproduced or copied in any way.
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