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Headshaking: diagnostic dilemma and treatment nightmare?
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Trigeminal-mediated head-shaking (HSK) in horses is a potentially life-threatening disorder that can affect performance, daily activities and quality of life, that often leads to euthanasia. This condition is presumed to be a form of neuropathic pain, of which the most common clinical manifestation is a violent vertical headshake that resembles an electrical shock to the horse’s nose. Affected horses also have an anxious facial expression. Other clinical manifestations such as rubbing the nose on the ground or against objects, striking of the face with the thoracic limbs, and excessive snorting are also common. In trigeminal-mediated head-shaking, episodes can occur spontaneously or be triggered in association with exposure to UV light, wind, exercise (triggers or exacerbates), and sharp sounds ...
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Affiliation of the authors at the time of publication
Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Tupper Hall 2108, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis,California 95616, USA.
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