Managing the collapsed foal in the field

Physical examination

Examination of the cardiovascular system should focus on signs of dehydration, hypovolaemia and the adequacy of peripheral perfusion. Signs of poor perfusion include cold lower limbs and ears, poor peripheral pulses, tacky or congested mucous membranes. Tachycardia is a variable sign in foals. The foal should also be evaluated closely for signs of sepsis which can include: hyperaemia, injection or petechiation of the mucous membranes, hyperaemia of the coronary bands or uveitis. The joints and umbilicus should also be palpated to check for infection. Evaluation of the respiratory tract should include evaluation of the respiratory rate and effort, thoracic auscultation and careful palpation of the ribs to check for fractures. A continuous or holosystolic heart murmur is commonly heard in foals less than 7 days of age due to delayed closure of the ductus arteriosus. Examination of the gastrointestinal system should include auscultation for borborgymi in addition to palpation of the abdomen to detect distension or ascites. A gentle digital examination to detect the presence of meconium in the rectum can be helpful. An assessment of the foal’s neurological status should include an assessment of the level of responsiveness, assessment of pupillary light reflexes and observation for seizure-like activity.  […]