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Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Liver Failure in Horses
T. Divers
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Toxic causes of liver failure in horses include pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis (e.g. Senecio spp., Amsinckia spp.), alsike clover andPanicum grasses (Kleingrass, fall Panicum). Although iron has frequently been blamed as a toxic cause of liver failure in horses, it is not well documented in adult horses and mycotoxins rarely cause liver failure. Blood transfusions and iron overload have been associated with liver failure in foals. Infectious causes include cholangiohepatitis, Theiler’s disease in adult horses and Tyzzer’s disease in 6–42 day old foals. Actinobacillus, EHV1, Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Leptospira are rare causes of liver failure in neonatal foals. Inflammatory, noninfectious causes include chronic active hepatitis, neoplasia, granulomatous (disease), drug- induced (especially in foals). Hepatic lipidosis (in ponies and miniature horses) is the predominant metabolic cause although hyperammoninaemia can occur in Morgan foals. Obstructive causes include biliary stones, neoplasia, right dorsal colon displacements, and rarely papillary stricture (foals with duodenal ulcers). Miscellaneous causes include hepatic torsion, portal vein thrombosis and porto-systemic shunts. [...]
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