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First Aid for Catastrophic Musculoskeletal Injuries
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Equine orthopaedic emergencies include fractures, luxations, lacerations of supporting structures, lacerations of major peripheral blood vessels and punctures of synovial structures. Most of these injuries can not be treated easily in the field and require transport of the patient to a hospital facility. The horses are frequently anxious as they attempt to use the injured limb, thereby causing additional secondary injury that jeopardises later repair. The 4 important steps in the emergency management of an orthopaedic patient are:
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Calming of the patient and pain relief.
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Physical evaluation to determine if repair is feasible.
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Application of preventive splint or cast.
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Preparation for transport to a hospital.
Tranquilisation, sedation and analgesia
The goal of this step is relaxation without ataxia in order to allow for examination of the limb, stabilisation with splint or cast and radiographs. This is best achieved with a combination of a sedative and an opioid. Most commonly used are xylazine (0.3–1.1 mg/kg bwt) or detomidine (0.01–0.02 mg/kg bwt) and butorphanol (0.02–0.05 mg/kg bwt). Use of detomidine may result in a delay of transport. [...]
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