Apical infection and fractures of equine teeth

Although equine dental anatomy has been described in dozens of texts from as early as 600 C.E. to present (Kertesz, 1993,Getty, 1975,Galvayne, 1912,Dixon, 1999), and further information has been derived from archaeological, evolutionary and clinical perspectives (Levine, 1982,Miles and Grigson, 1990,Bennett, 1992), much new anatomical information is still being uncovered that has direct clinical applications. If a clinician has a good understanding of equine dental anatomy, a detailed examination of the oral cavity can often identify not only gross dental fractures, but also areas of descending periodontal disease, infundibular caries and even the subtle presence of pulpar exposure ...