Multicenter, Retrospective Study of Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Diskospondylitis in Foals

Vertebral osteomyelitis and diskospondylitis are uncommon in foals. Clinical signs and clinicopathologic features are variable. Prognosis is guarded for affected foals.

1. Introduction

There are several case reports in the literature of vertebral osteomyelitis and/or diskospondylitis in the foal, but there are no large studies evaluating the clinical features and outcome of this disease in foals. The objective of this study was to describe the signalment, clinical signs, results of clinicopathologic testing, results of diagnostic imaging and necropsy examination, results of microbiologic testing, location of lesions, treatment, and outcome of foals ≤1 year of age affected with vertebral osteomyelitis and/or diskospondylitis.

2. Materials and Methods

Cases with radiographic and/or necropsy findings consistent with osteolysis were included. Records from 15 juvenile horses, from 5 referral centers, were retrospectively evaluated. 

3. Results

Foals ranged in age from 2 weeks to 4 months. There were 11 male, 4 female, and a variety of breeds represented. The most common clinical signs included fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, anorexia, and lethargy. Spinal ataxia and recumbency were noted in 50% and 20% of foals, respectively. Clinicopathologic features were variable, with an elevated white blood cell count in half of the cases. Lesions in the cervical vertebral body were most common. Evidence of a septic process of another body system was noted in less than half of the cases. Seven foals survived to discharge.

4. Discussion

In conclusion, vertebral osteomyelitis and diskospondylitis are rare in foals. Clinical signs and clinicopathologic features are variable. Prognosis is guarded for affected foals.