
|
In: Clinical Neurology in Small Animals - Localization, Diagnosis and Treatment.
K. G. Braund (Ed.)
Publisher: International Veterinary Information Service, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Neuroimaging J. C. Jones
References
1. Luttgen PJ, Pechman RD, Hartsfield SM. Neuroradiology. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1988; 18:501-28. - PubMed -
2. Brawner W. Neuroradiology In: D. Slatter, ed. Textbook of small animal surgery. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1993; 1008-1022. - Available from amazon.com -
3. Barber D. Imaging: radiography I. Vet Radiol 1981; 22:52-57.
4. Barber D. Imaging: radiography II. Vet Radiol 1981; 22:149-158.
5. Dennis R. Radiographic examination of the canine spine. Vet Rec 1987; 121:31-5. - PubMed -
6. Lewis R. Roentgen signs of the spine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1974; 4:647-661.
7. Ramirez O, 3rd, Thrall DE. A review of imaging techniques for canine cauda equina syndrome. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998; 39:283-96. - PubMed -
8. Sande RD. Radiography, myelography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging of the spine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1992; 22:811-31. - PubMed -
9. Tucker RL, Gavin PR. Brain imaging. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1996; 26:735-58. - PubMed -
10. Hershey B, Faro S, Koenigsberg R, et al. Neuroimaging. In: C. Goetz and E. Pappert, eds. Textbook of clinical neurology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co, 1999; 402-435. - Available from amazon.com -
11. Adams WH. The spine. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 1999; 14:148-59. - PubMed -
12. Asshauer J, Sager M. MRI and CT atlas of the dog. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1997. - Available from amazon.com -
13. Bailey MQ. Diagnostic imaging of intracranial lesions. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1990; 5:232-6.
14. Feeney D, Fletcher T, Hardy R. Atlas of correlative imaging anatomy of the normal dog: ultrasound and computed tomography. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1991. - Available from amazon.com -
15. Gavin PR, Fike JR, Hoopes PJ. Central nervous system tumors. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1995; 10:180-9. - PubMed -
16. Kraft SL, Gavin PR. Intracranial neoplasia. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 1999; 14:112-23. - PubMed -
17. LeCouteur RA. Current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumours in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 1999; 40:411-6. - PubMed -
18. Moore MP, Bagley RS, Harrington ML, et al. Intracranial tumors. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1996; 26:759-77. - PubMed -
19. Thomas WB. Cerebrovascular disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1996; 26:925-43. - PubMed -
20. Thomas WB. Nonneoplastic disorders of the brain. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 1999; 14:125-47. - PubMed -
21. Curry T, Dowdey J, Murray R. Christensen's physics of diagnostic radiology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990; 10-35. - Available from amazon.com -
22. Morgan J. Techniques of veterinary radiography. 5th ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1993; 121-140. - Available from amazon.com -
23. Perry R. Principles of conventional radiography and fluoroscopy. Vet Clin NA Small Anim Pract 1993; 23:235-252. - PubMed -
24. Myer W. Radiography review: radiographic density. Vet Radiol 1977; 18:138-140.
25. Kirberger R. Radiograph quality evaluation for exposure variables - a review. Vet Radiol & Ultras 1999; 40:220-226. - PubMed -
26. Scrivani P, Bednarski R, Myer C, et al. Restraint methods for radiography in dogs and cats. Compend Contin Educ Small Anim Pract 1996; 18:899-916.
27. Middleton DL. Radiographic positioning for the spine and skull. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1993; 23:253-68. - PubMed -
28. James A, Rao G, Gray C, et al. Magnification in veterinary radiology. Vet Radiol 1975; 16:52-64.
29. McNeel S. Radiology of the skull and cervical spine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1982; 12:259-294.
30. Kishigami Y, Yoshizaki A, Saito D, et al. An evaluation of a new radiographic technique utilizing a concave table. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2000; 41:9-18. - PubMed -
31. Farrow CS. Postural radiography in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994; 205:878-87.
32. Dyce K, Sack W, Wensing C. Textbook of veterinary anatomy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1996; 370-397.
- Available from amazon.com -
33. Evans H. Miller's anatomy of the dog. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993; 122-219. - Available from amazon.com -
34. Losonsky J, Kneller S. Misdiagnosis in normal radiographic anatomy: eight structural configurations simulating disease entities in dogs and cats. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 1987; 191:109-114. - PubMed -
35. Schwarz T, Stork CK, Mellor D, et al. Osteopenia and other radiographic signs in canine hyperadrenocorticism. J Small Anim Pract 2000; 41:491-5. - PubMed -
36. Becker S, Selby L. Canine hydrocephalus. Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet 1980; 2:647.
37. Simoens P, Poels P, Lauwers H. Morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum in Pekingese dogs. Am J Vet Res 1994; 55:34-39. - PubMed -
38. Parker A, Park R. Occipital dysplasia in the dog. J Amer Anim Hosp Assoc 1974; 10:520-525.
39. Bardens J. Congenital malformation of the foramen magnum in dogs. Southwest Vet 1994; 18:295-298.
40. Hardy W, Brodey R, Riser W. Osteosarcoma of the canine skull. Vet Radiol 1967; 8:5-15.
41. Straw R, LeCouteur R, Powers B, et al. Multilobular osteochondrosarcoma of the canine skull: 16 cases (1978-1988). Am J Vet Med Assoc 1989; 195:1764. - PubMed -
42. Lawson C, Burk R, Prate R. Cerebral meningioma in the cat: diagnosis and surgical treatment of 10 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1984;20:33.
43. Hoskinson JJ. Imaging techniques in the diagnosis of middle ear disease. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1993;8:10-6.
44. Remedios A, Fowler J, Pharr J. A comparison of radiographic versus surgical diagnosis of otitis media. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1991;27:183.
45. Gibbs C. Traumatic lesions of the skull. J Small Anim Pract 1977;17:551.
46. Hansen H. A pathologic-anatomical study on disc degeneration in dog. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1952;11:1-117.
47. Kirberger R, Roos C, Lubbe A. The radiological diagnosis of thoracolumbar disc disease in the Dachsund. Vet Radiol 1992;33:255-261.
48. Romatowski J. Spondylosis deformans in the dog. Comp Cont Edu 1986;8:531-534.
49. Parker AJ, Park RD. Atlanto-axial subluxation in small breeds of dogs: diagnosis & pathogenesis. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1973;68: 1133-5.
50. Bailey C, Morgan J. Congenital spinal malformations. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract 1992;22: 985-1015. - PubMed -
51. Leipold HW, Huston K, Blauch B, et al. Congenital defects on the caudal vertebral column and spinal cord in Manx cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974;164: 520-3.
52. Morgan JP, Bahr A, Franti CE, et al. Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae as a predisposing cause of cauda equina syndrome in German shepherd dogs: 161 cases (1987-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993;202:1877-82. - PubMed -
53. Morgan JP. Transitional lumbosacral vertebral anomaly in the dog: a radiographic study. J Small Anim Pract 1999;40: 167-172. - PubMed -
54. Goldman AL. Hypervitaminosis A in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 200:1970-1972. - PubMed -
55. Seawright AA, English PB, Gartner RJ. Hypervitaminosis A of the cat. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 1970; 14:1-27.
56. Schultheiss PC, Gardner SA, Owens JM, et al. Mucopolysaccharidosis VII in a cat. Vet Pathol 2000;37: 502-505. - PubMed -
57. Tomsa K, Glaus T, Hauser B, et al. Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in six cats. J Small Anim Pract 1999; 40:533-9. - PubMed -
58. Luttgen PJ. Neoplasms of the spine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1992; 22:973-84. - PubMed -
59. Thomas WB. Diskospondylitis and other vertebral infections. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2000; 30:169-82. - PubMed -
60. Frendin J, Funkquist B, Hansson K, et al. Diagnostic imaging of foreign body reactions in dogs with diffuse back pain. J Small Anim Pract 1999; 40: 278-85. - PubMed -
61. Bagley RS. Spinal fracture or luxation. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2000; 30:133-53. - PubMed -
62. Roberts RE, Selcer BA. Myelography and epidurography. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1993; 23:307-29. - PubMed -
63. Widmer W, Blevins W. Veterinary myelography: a review of contrast media, adverse effects, and technique. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1991; 19:755.
64. Holland M. Contrast agents. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1993; 23:269-279. - PubMed -
65. Scrivani PV, Barthez PY, Leveille R, et al. Subdural injection of contrast medium during cervical myelography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1997; 38:267-71. - PubMed -
66. Fourie SL, Kirberger RM. Relationship of cervical spinal cord diameter to vertebral dimensions: a radiographic study of normal dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1999; 40:137-43. - PubMed -
67. Lang J. Flexion-extension myelography of the canine cauda equina. Vet Radiol 1988; 29:242-257.
68. Morgan J, Atiola M, Bailey C. Vertebral canal and spinal cord mensuration: a comparative study of its effects on lumbosacral myelography in the dachshund and german shepherd dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988; 191:951-957. - PubMed -
69. Thrall D. Textbook of veterinary diagnostic radiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1998. - Available from amazon.com -
70. Hathcock J, Pechman R, Dillon A, et al. Comparison of three radiographic contrast procedures in the evaluation of the canine lumbosacral spinal canal. Vet Radiol 1988; 29:4-15.
71. Owens J, Biery D. Radiographic interpretation for the small animal clinician. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1992.105-145.
72. Burk RL. Problems in the radiographic interpretation of intervertebral disc disease in the dog. Probl Vet Med 1989; 1:381-401. - PubMed -
73. Coates JR. Intervertebral disk disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2000; 30:77-110, vi. - PubMed -
74. Olby N, Dyce J, Houlton J. Correlation of plain radiographic and lumbar myelographic findings in thoracolumbar disc disease. J Small Anim Pract 1994; 35:345.
75. Stickle R, Lowrie C, Oakley R. Radiology corner: another example of the myelographic "double line" sign. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998; 39:543.
76. Davis MJ, Dewey CW, Walker MA, et al. Contrast radiographic findings in canine bacterial discospondylitis: a multicenter, retrospective study of 27 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2000; 36:81-5. - PubMed -
77. Duval J, Dewey C, Roberts R, et al. Spinal cord swelling as a myelographic indicator of prognosis: a retrospective study in dogs with intervertebral disc disease and loss of deep pain perception. Vet Surg 1996; 25:6-12. - PubMed -
78. Frykman OF. Spinal arachnoid cyst in four dogs: diagnosis, surgical treatment and follow-up results. J Small Anim Pract 1999; 40:544-549. - PubMed -
79. Hay CW, Muir P. Tearing of the dura mater in three dogs. Vet Rec 2000; 146:279-82. - PubMed -
80. Cartee RE, Hudson JA, Finn-Bodner S. Ultrasonography. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1993; 23:345-77. - PubMed -
81. Hudson JA, Finn-Bodner ST, Steiss JE. Neurosonography. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1998; 28:943-72. - PubMed -
82. Werner C, Hoffman WE, Kochs E, et al. Transcranial Doppler sonography indicates critical brain perfusion during hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs. Anesth Analg 1995; 81:1203-1207. - PubMed -
83. Hudson J, Finn-Bodner S, Coates J. Color Doppler imaging and Doppler spectral analysis in the spinal cord of normal dogs. Vet Radiol & Ultras 1995; 36:542-547.
84. Jones J, Hudson J, Sorjonen D, et al. Effects of experimental nerve root compression on arterial blood flow velocity in the seventh lumbar spinal ganglion of the dog: measurement using intraoperative Doppler ultrasonography. Vet Radiol & Ultras 1996; 37:133-140.
85. Hudson J, Simpson S, Buxton D. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of canine hydrocephalus. Vet Radiol 1990; 31:50-58.
86. Thomas W, Sorjonen D, Hudson J. Ultrasound-guided brain biopsy in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54:1942-1947. - PubMed -
87. Dykes, NL. Conventional (planar) brain scintigraphy. In: Berry C, Daniel G. Handbook of veterinary nuclear medicine. Raleigh: North Carolina State University, 1996; 133-137.
88. Brawner WR, Jr., Daniel GB. Nuclear imaging. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1993; 23:379-98. - PubMed -
89. Shores A. New and future advanced imaging techniques. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1993; 23:461-9. - PubMed -
90. Daniel G, Twardock A, Tucker R, et al. Brain scintigraphy. Prog Vet Neurol 1995; 3:25.
91. Lamb C. Principles and practice of bone scintigraphy in small animals. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 1991; 6:140.
92. Dykes N, Warnick L, Summers B, et al. Brain scintigraphy in dogs and cats: retrospective analysis of 116 cases. Vet Radiol & Ultras 1994; 35:59-65.
93. Szypryt EP, Hardy JG, Hinton CE, et al. A comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and scintigraphic bone imaging in the diagnosis of disc space infection in an animal model. Spine 1988; 13:1042-8. - PubMed -
94. Lee-Parritz DE, Lamb CR. Prostatic adenocarcinoma with osseous metastases in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1988; 192:1569-72. - PubMed -
95. Tidwell AS, Jones JC. Advanced imaging concepts: a pictorial glossary of CT and MRI technology. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 1999; 14:65-111. - PubMed -
96. Hathcock JT, Stickle RL. Principles and concepts of computed tomography. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1993; 23:399-415. - PubMed -
97. Stickle R, Hathcock J. Interpretation of computed tomographic images. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract 1993; 23:417-435. - PubMed -
98. Fike JR, LeCouteur RA, Cann CE. Anatomy of the canine brain using high resolution computed tomography. Vet Radiol 1981; 22:236-243.
99. George T, Smallwood J. Anatomic atlas for computed tomography in the mesaticephalic dog: head and neck. Vet Radiol Ultras 1992; 33:217-240.
100. Kaufman H, Cohen G, Glass T, et al. CT atlas of the dog brain. J Comp Assist Tomogr 1981; 5:529-537.
101. Drost W, Berry C, Fisher P. Computed tomographic appearance of a normal variant of the canine tentorium cerbelli osseum. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1996; 37:351-353.
102. Jones JC, Cartee RE, Bartels JE. Computed tomographic anatomy of the canine lumbosacral spine. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1995; 36:91-99.
103. Feeney DA, Evers P, Fletcher TF, et al. Computed tomography of the normal canine lumbosacral spine: a morphologic perspective. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1996; 37:399-411.
104. Jones JC, Shires PK, Inzana KD, et al. Evaluation of canine lumbosacral stenosis using intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1999; 40:108-14. - PubMed -
105. Jeffery N, CH T, TG Y. Introduction to computed tomography of the canine brain. J Small Anim Pract 1992; 33:2-10.
106. LeCouteur R, JR F, CE C, et al. X-ray computed tomography of brain tumors in cats. JAVMA 1983; 183:301-305. - PubMed -
107. Koblik PD, LeCouteur RA, Higgins RJ, et al. CT-guided brain biopsy using a modified Pelorus Mark III stereotactic system: experience with 50 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1999; 40:434-40. - PubMed -
108. Koblik PD, LeCouteur RA, Higgins RJ, et al. Modification and application of a Pelorus Mark III stereotactic system for CT-guided brain biopsy in 50 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1999; 40:424-33. - PubMed -
109. Moissonnier P, Bordeau W, Delisle F, et al. Accuracy testing of a new stereotactic CT -guided brain biopsy device in the dog. Res Vet Sci 2000; 68:243-7. - PubMed -
110. Giroux A. A new device for sterotactic CT-guided biopsy of the canine brain: design, construction, and needle placement accuracy. Small Anim Clin Sci. Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/), 2000; 60.
111. Evans SM, Dayrell-Hart B, Powlis W, et al. Radiation therapy of canine brain masses. J Vet Intern Med 1993; 7:216-9. - PubMed -
112. Love NE, Fisher P, Hudson L. The computed tomographic enhancement pattern of the normal canine pituitary gland. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2000; 41:507-10. - PubMed -
113. Wolf M, Pedroia V, Higgins RJ, et al. Intracranial ring enhancing lesions in dogs: a correlative CT scanning and neuropathologic study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1995; 36:16-20.
114. Forrest L. The head: excluding the brain and orbit. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 1999; 14:170-176. - PubMed -
115. Love N, Kramer RW, Spodnick GJ, et al. Radiographic and computed tomographic evaluation of otitis media in the dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1995; 36:375-379.
116. Jones JC, Wright JC, Bartels JE. Computed tomographic morphometry of the lumbosacral spine of dogs. Am J Vet Res 1995; 56:1125-32. - PubMed -
117. Lang J, Hani H, Schawalder P. A sacral legion resembling osteochondrosis in the german shepherd dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1992; 33:69-76.
118. Bronen RA, Sze G. Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents: theory and application to the central nervous system. J Neurosurg 1990; 73:820-39. - PubMed -
119. Tidwell AS, Ross LA, Kleine LJ. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of cavernous sinus enlargement in a dog with unilateral exophthalmos. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1997; 38:363-70.
120. Kraft S, Gavin P, Wendling L, et al. Canine brain anatomy on magnetic resonance images. Vet Radiol 1989; 30:147-158.
121. Hudson L, Cauzinille L, Kornegay J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal feline brain. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1995; 36:267-275.
122. Vullo T, Korenman E, Manzo R, et al. Diagnosis of cerebral ventriculomegaly in normal adult beagles using quantitative MRI. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1997; 38:277-281.
123. DeHaan C, Kraft S, Gavin P, et al. Normal variation in size of the labrador retriever dog as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1994; 35:83-86.
124. Adams WH, al e. Magnetic resonance imaging of the caudal lumbar and lumbosacral spine in 13 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1995; 36:3-13.
125. deHaan JJ, al e. Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in four dogs. Vet Surg 1993; 22:1-4. - PubMed -
126. Karkkainen M, al e. Magnetic resonance imaging of canine degenerative lumbar spine diseases. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1993; 34:399-404.
127. Bagley R, Harrington M, Tucker R, et al. Occipital dysplasia and associated cranial spinal cord abnormalities in two dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1996; 37:359-362.
128. Shores A, TG C, E S, et al. Cerebrovascular disease in small animals-MRI characteristics. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annu Meet Vet Med CForum, ACVIM 1991; 823-830.
129. Matthews V, Kuharik M, d'Amour P, et al. Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging of experimental bacterial meningitis; evaluation and comparison with CT. Am J Roentgenol 1989; 152:131-136. - PubMed -
130. Garosi LS, Dennis R, Penderis J, et al. Results of magnetic resonance imaging in dogs with vestibular disorders: 85 cases (1996-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 218:385-91. - PubMed -
131. Allgoewer I, Lucas S, Schmitz SA. Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal and diseased feline middle ear. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2000; 41:413-8. - PubMed -
132. Dvir E, Kirberger RM, Terblanche AG. Magnetic resonance imaging of otitis media in a dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2000; 41:46-9. - PubMed -
133. Algra P, Bloem J, Tissing H, et al. Detection of vertebral metastases: comparison between MR imaging and bone scintigraphy. Radiographics 1991; 11:219-232. - PubMed -
134. Galloway AM, Curtis NC, Sommerlad SF, et al. Correlative imaging findings in seven dogs and one cat with spinal arachnoid cysts. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1999; 40:445-52. - PubMed -
135. Shamir MH, Shahar R, Aizenberg I. Subarachnoid cyst in a cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1997; 33:123-5. - PubMed -
136. Itoh T, Nishimura R, Matsunaga S, et al. Syringomyelia and hydrocephalus in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 209:934-6. - PubMed -
|